Handbook for preparing for the exam

USE Russian language.

Express preparation.

Task number 26. Language means of expression.

Task number 26. .

So you guys, our wonderful express train brought us to the last test stop.

Today we will recall the main artistic expressive means of the language. I'll tell you how to complete task number 25. But the conversation ahead is long, there is a lot of material. If you're ready, then let's get started.

I will explain step by step the procedure for completing task number 25.

Step 1 .

Read the assignment carefully. look, WHAT you need to find.

If you need to find TROPE in the above sentences, then remember what it is and what types of tops are.

THEORY.

Step 2

If you need to find lexical means , then among the words of the proposed list you need to look for the following terms.

Step 3

If you need to determine which reception (figure of speech) uses the author, then look for the following tricks.

A figure is a part of a sentence that plays a specific function in it (this is where syntax comes into play). The figure is an expressive syntactic construction that conveys the expression of the text.

Note: some figures of speech can also be syntactic means (rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, etc.).

Step 4

Finally, if you need to find syntactic means, then remember, they are associated with punctuation marks, they are separated by commas, dashes, a question mark or exclamation point, etc.

Use hints.

In the task you can often find hidden hints.

• The hint is already what you are asked to find trope, lexical or syntactic device.
• Often examples (for example, epithets) are given in brackets, you need to remember the name of such a tool.
• Can help and word forms, for example, “used” is a feminine word, so it is clear that the terms masculine and neuter will not work here.

Consider an example.

Read the review snippet. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“When discussing the topic of creativity and “finding yourself”, the author uses such a technique as (A) _____ (sentences 8-9; 17-18). What can hinder a creative person? Used in the 13th sentence (B) _____ give, in the opinion of the author, the answer to this question. Speaking about which professions can be considered creative and which cannot, V. Belov uses (B)_____ in the 20th sentence. This makes it possible to prepare the reader to understand the next, 21st sentence. In addition, (D)_____ is widely used in the text, for example, “need”, “personality”, “orientation”, “principles”, etc.”

List of terms:

1) comparative turnover

2) litote

3) antonyms

4) irony

5) colloquial vocabulary

6) rows of homogeneous members

7) question-answer form of presentation

8) socio-political vocabulary

9) rhetorical question

10) exclamatory sentences

EXPLANATION.

A) Reception-7 (question-answer).

(8) Why, over the years, creativity gradually disappears from our lives, why the creative principle is preserved and develops not in each of us ? (9) Roughly speaking, because we either didn’t do our job (didn’t find ourselves, our face, our talent), or didn’t learn how to live and work (didn’t develop talent).

B) Answer-6, rows of homogeneous members.

(17) Why, in fact, is considered creative only life and artist or artist? (18) After all artist and artist can be in any business.

(13) Slim ascent, creative emancipation personality can interfere with any soulful, family, community or global discord, any sevryaditsa which, by the way, are different.

C) Antonyms-3.

(20) The halo of the exclusivity of a particular profession, the division of labor according to principles such as "honorable-dishonorable" "interesting-not interested" just encourages the idea of ​​the inaccessibility of creativity for everyone and for everyone. (21) But this suits the supporters of personality leveling quite well, who single out the faceless crowd of mediocre people and oppose talented people to it.

G)Socio-political vocabulary - 8 (need, "personality", "orientation", "principles").

Answer: 7638.

Algorithm for completing task No. 26.

Language means of expression .

• Learn the meaning of terms, practice finding them in the test. This is the first condition for a good job.
• Be clear term groups: tropes, lexical, syntactic means, techniques (figures).
• Read the task carefully. It often already happens clue.
• If you need to find TRAILS, select them for yourself from the list. Remember these are words in a figurative sense.
• Try to find the one that is in these offers.
• The range of terms from the list has been reduced. We are looking for the following means of expression, for example, syntactic. From the list we find something that is somehow connected with punctuation marks.
• Further, the circle of terms became even narrower. Looking for, for example, lexical means(these are synonyms, antonyms, phraseological units, different vocabulary).
• But it also happens that it is not indicated whichResources need to be sought (lexical, syntactic). Then look to the hint in brackets.

In the example above we read: “in the text it is widely used a (D)_____, for example, "need", "personality", "orientation", "principles", etc.".

As you can see, there is no clear indication of what to look for, but the words are given in brackets, in addition, the word “used” is in f. kind. Therefore, “political vocabulary” is suitable here.< Назад

The video course "Get an A" includes all the topics necessary for the successful passing of the exam in mathematics by 60-65 points. Completely all tasks 1-13 of the Profile USE in mathematics. Also suitable for passing the Basic USE in mathematics. If you want to pass the exam with 90-100 points, you need to solve part 1 in 30 minutes and without mistakes!

Preparation course for the exam for grades 10-11, as well as for teachers. Everything you need to solve part 1 of the exam in mathematics (the first 12 problems) and problem 13 (trigonometry). And this is more than 70 points on the Unified State Examination, and neither a hundred-point student nor a humanist can do without them.

All the necessary theory. Quick solutions, traps and secrets of the exam. All relevant tasks of part 1 from the Bank of FIPI tasks have been analyzed. The course fully complies with the requirements of the USE-2018.

The course contains 5 large topics, 2.5 hours each. Each topic is given from scratch, simply and clearly.

Hundreds of exam tasks. Text problems and probability theory. Simple and easy to remember problem solving algorithms. Geometry. Theory, reference material, analysis of all types of USE tasks. Stereometry. Cunning tricks for solving, useful cheat sheets, development of spatial imagination. Trigonometry from scratch - to task 13. Understanding instead of cramming. Visual explanation of complex concepts. Algebra. Roots, powers and logarithms, function and derivative. Base for solving complex problems of the 2nd part of the exam.

Handbook for preparing for the exam

Reference information for all tasks: 1 - 26. If you don’t know something, don’t remember, don’t understand, you are here. Simple, accessible, lots of examples.

Collection of practice tests: 1 - 24

Practice tests with answers to all tasks

"USE-navigator"

Interactive preparation course for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. 26 sections. Individual achievement statistics. Options are formed for each person personally during new visits. Fully complies with the new format of the exam.

• Unified State Examination Navigator by subscription

"USE-responder"

Who is interested in training options for the exam in the Russian language with answers and comments? Our new series "Unified State Examination" is for you.

Collection of essays on the Russian language (task 26)

It is easier to learn how to write essays from the source text if you know exactly what the requirements of the exam are for task 26 in the Russian language. Analysis of the work of graduates shows typical mistakes and shortcomings.

Final winter essay

All about graduation essay. Concept. Criteria for testing at school. Evaluation criteria in universities. Work samples.

Workshop on orthoepy

Nouns from the FIPI list. How to remember them? Intensive training in an interactive form will help

Helpful information

The word USE has a fascinating effect on people. The majority, long before the exam, begins to treat it as a fatal milestone: terrible and inevitable. One gets the impression that the will and mind of people are paralyzed at the same time ... Distinct images of a conveyor belt, a meat grinder or a current that carries the unfortunate people to no one knows where emerge ... What is the consequence of such an attitude towards the upcoming test? Passivity, indifference or, on the contrary, feverish activity, senseless fuss, excessive nervous tension. Get reliable information about the upcoming exam.

useless information

Even during difficult or serious work, you can find a reason to joke. Section for those who want to relax a bit

Self defense. If an appeal is needed

It is better not to tune in to the appeal in advance. There is such a life pattern: often people attract situations that they think too much about. The situation of filing an appeal is not the most pleasant. I wish you could avoid it. But if an appeal is unavoidable, it's best to know how to file it.
Therefore, I consider it important to talk about this topic.

Reference information for all tasks: 1 - 26. If you don’t know something, don’t remember, don’t understand, you are here. Simple, accessible, lots of examples.
The author of the "Handbook": Kutyreva N. A.

• Demonstration version of KIM USE in Russian language 2015

  Demo version of the Russian language 2015 in an interactive form.
  A demo version 2016 years in an interactive form with answers and comments

• Task 1. Information processing of written texts

  What is the main information? How to find it?

• Task 2. Means of communication of sentences in the text

  How to recover missing text component?

• Task 3. Lexical meaning of the word

  Multiple words. How to determine the meaning of such a word in context?

• Task 4. Orthoepic norms (emphasis)

  Orthoepic dictionary. Mistakeable words and forms of words.

• Task 5. Lexical norms (the use of a word in accordance with the lexical meaning and required

  What are paronyms? What is difficult about them? Word list 2015. A interactive dictionary

• Task 6. Morphological norms (formation of word forms)

  Lots of tomatoes? Their order? Wave? No, no and NO! Unified State Examination is struggling with a low culture of speech. Find out which forms are erroneous and test yourself

• Task 7. Syntactic norms. Agreement norms. Management norms

  How do we build phrases, do we always follow syntactic norms? Find out what mistakes are made most often. Important for the exam and for life

• Task 8. Spelling roots

  The logic of task 8. The focus is on the spelling rules of the roots that you studied in grades 1 - 6

• Task 9. Spelling prefixes

  How are Russian prefixes spelled? Apply the rules learned in grades 1-5

• Task 10. Spelling of suffixes of various parts of speech (except for suffixes with Н and НН)

  You studied most of the suffixes in grades 5-6. We repeat the "necessary" rules

• Task 11. Spelling of personal endings of verbs and participle suffixes

  How not to get confused? We offer step-by-step tactics

• Task 12. Spelling NOT and NOR

  Traditionally an error-prone topic that requires increased attention

• Task 13. Continuous, hyphenated, separate spelling of words

  Error words. The main thing is to distinguish homonyms

• Task 14. Spelling -Н- and -НН- in various parts of speech

  The most erroneous topic in the school course of the Russian language

• Task 15. Punctuation marks in a simple complicated sentence (with homogeneous members). Punctuation in a compound sentence and a simple sentence with homogeneous members.

  The logic of the task 15. In which sentences is only one comma needed?

• Task 16. Punctuation marks in sentences with separate members (definitions, circumstances, applications, additions)

  Isolate or not? What are the separations?

• Task 17. Punctuation marks in sentences with words and structures that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence

  Introductory words and combinations. cases of homonymy. What words are often confused with introductory words?

• Task 18. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence

  Varieties of a complex sentence in terms of punctuation. Error cases

• Task 19. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with different types of connection

  Should I put a comma if the coordinating and subordinating unions or two subordinating unions are next to each other in the sentence?

Line UMK M. M. Razumovskaya. Russian language (5-9)

Line UMK VV Babaytseva. Russian language (10-11) (deep)

Line UMK Kudryavtseva. Russian language (10-11)

Line UMK Pakhnova. Russian language (10-11) (B)

Unified State Examination in the Russian language: a detailed analysis of tasks with specialists

New materials on the exam are available for review at the link:

Below is a breakdown of the 2017 assignments.

3.5 hours (210 minutes) are allotted to complete the examination paper.

The minimum number of points in the Russian language:

• to obtain a certificate - 24 points;
• for admission to a university - 36 points.

The structure of the examination paper:

Each version of the examination paper consists of two parts and includes 25 tasks that differ in form and level of complexity.

Part 1 contains 24 short answer tasks. In the examination paper, the following types of tasks with a short answer are proposed:

• tasks of an open type for recording a self-formulated correct answer;
• tasks to choose from and write down one correct answer from the proposed list of answers.

Part 2 contains 1 open-ended task with a detailed answer (composition), which tests the ability to create your own statement based on the text you read.

Sosnina Irina Vasilievna, teacher of Russian language and literature, laureate of the competition "Moscow Grant" in the field of science and technology in the field of education.
Awarded with the Honorary Diploma of the Ministry of Education and Science, work experience - 34 years.

Ryabtseva Elena Alexandrovna, a teacher of the highest category, teaches at a high school. Labor veteran, Winner of the competition of the best teachers of the Russian Federation within the framework of the Priority National Project "Education". Twice Laureate of the competition "Moscow Grant" in the field of science and technology in the field of education. Pedagogical experience - 46 years.

Part 1

Read the text and do tasks 1-3.

(1)L.N. Gumilyov, studying the features of the historical development of the peoples of Eurasia, noticed to the fact that rapid social change on the continent associated with solar activity cycles , which are quite fully described by astronomers. (2) Following the specialists in the field of natural science, the scientist suggested that this relationship is natural . (3)<…>He put forward and developed the hypothesis that a sharp increase in solar activity favors that that on earth in abundance "passionaries" are born - people of increased activity that promote social change and guide the historical movement of peoples.

1. Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) The main discovery of L.N. Gumilyov was that he was the first to see the connection between active members of society - "passionaries" - and a number of historical events in Eurasia.

2) L.N. Gumilyov drew attention to the fact that social changes and the strengthening of ethnic processes on Earth are somehow connected with the cosmic energy of the galaxy.

3) L.N. Gumilyov, putting forward the hypothesis of "passionaries", explained the connection between the cycles of solar activity and the intensification of socio-historical processes on Earth.

4) The peoples of Eurasia, according to L.N. Gumilyov, owe their historical development primarily to the cycles of solar activity, which are described in sufficient detail by astronomers.

5) Studying the features of the historical development of Eurasia, L.N. Gumilyov put forward the hypothesis of "passionaries", according to which there is a relationship between the cycles of solar activity and socio-historical processes on Earth.

Answer: 3 5

Task execution algorithm:

1. Highlight in each sentence the key words that are important for understanding the issue that is raised in this text.

2. Determine the causal relationship between the sentences in the text.

3. Shorten the text by crossing out secondary information (various explanations, details, descriptions of minor facts, comments, lexical repetitions).

4. Transmit in one sentence the main information contained in the text.

5. Compare your text compression option (your sentence that conveys its main idea) with the answer options.

Try to concisely retell the text:

Let's compare the retelling with the options:

1. in the first version, emphasis is placed on the connection between active members of society - "passionaries" - and a number of historical events in Eurasia;
2. in the second version there is extra information that social changes and the strengthening of ethnic processes on Earth are associated with the cosmic energy of the galaxy;
3. in the third version, the hypothesis of "passionaries" is put forward, the connection between the cycles of solar activity and the intensification of socio-historical processes on Earth is explained, this is true;
4. in the fourth version, erroneous information is given that the peoples of Eurasia owe their historical development primarily to the cycles of solar activity, which are described in sufficient detail by astronomers;
5. in the fifth variant, the hypothesis of "passionaries" is correctly explained, according to which there is a relationship between the cycles of the Sun's activity and socio-historical processes on Earth.

Correct answers - 3 5

2. Which of the following words or combinations of words should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write down this word (combination of words).

But
Because
Meanwhile
However
Moreover,

Answer: 5

Task execution algorithm:

To correctly determine the word (combination of words) necessary for a given context:

1) Carefully read the test and understand the logic of the author's reasoning.

2) Determine what logical link in the author's reasoning is the sentence with the gap:

Does not indicate the cause of the described phenomena (hence, it is impossible to insert BECAUSE );

It is not an introductory phrase and does not indicate a mention of anything, (therefore, it is impossible to choose the place of the gap in the sense MEANWHILE );

It is used for opposition, emphasizing the contradiction (therefore, it is impossible to insert HOWEVER, BUT, BUT );

Used to indicate special importance subsequent phrase (therefore, in place of the gap in the meaning, you need to choose MOREOVER );

3) Perform the substitution, and then reread the resulting version again and make sure that you have correctly established a logical correspondence between the sentence with the gap and the one that precedes it.

3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry, which gives the meaning of the word DEVELOP. Determine in what sense this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

DEVELOP- I call, - you call, owls.

1) Strengthen, give something. strengthen, strengthen. R. interest in music.

2) Bring to a certain degree of spiritual maturity, consciousness, culture. R. child. Reading developed it.

3) Distribute, expand, deepen the content or application of something. R. idea. R. argumentation.

4) Do something. on a large scale, with all the energy to deploy sth. R. agitation. R. activity.

Answer: 3.

Task execution algorithm:

1. Read the assignment carefully.

2. Find the specified offer.

3. Include each of the proposed lexical interpretations instead of the word given for analysis.

4. Determine whether the sentence lost or did not lose its semantic integrity during the linguistic experiment:

If the sentence has not lost its semantic integrity, the answer is correct;

If the meaning of the sentence has changed, the answer is incorrect.

Word DEVELOP- I call, - you call, owls. used in the sense to spread, expand, deepen the content or application of something.

R. idea. R. argumentation.

4. In which word there is a mistake in setting the stress: INCORRECT is the letter for the stressed vowel highlighted? Write out this word.

adolescence

bleeding

vulgarize

Answer: vulgarize

Task execution algorithm:

It must be remembered: the mobility of Russian stress creates objective difficulties in completing this task, so pay attention to the recommendations and repeat the words from the link.

1. In feminine past tense verbs, the stress, as a rule, falls on the ending A: I took, I took, I took, I took, I poured in, I burst in, I took it, I recreated, I drove, I chased, I got it, I got it, I waited, I waited, I took it, I locked it, I locked it, I called, I lied, I lila, I poured, I lied, I tore myself, I called As, I poured, narwhal, started, doused, hugged, overtook, skinned, departed, gave away, withdrew, withdrew, poured, called, watered, understood, arrived, tore, took off, created, plucked, removed.

Note:

The exception is feminine past tense verbs with the prefix YOU-, which pulls the stress on itself: poured out, called ;

For verbs to put, sneak, send, send, send, the stress in the feminine form of the past tense DOES NOT fall on the ending A, but remains on the basis: put, stole, sent, sent, sent.

5. In one of the sentences below, the underlined word is WRONGLY used. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.

The jury reached a guilty verdict in the case.

Experiments have shown that when lightning strikes soil containing silicates and ORGANIC carbon, a ball of silicon and silicon carbide fibers is formed.

“He was a very HIDDEN person who knew how to keep silent,” the writer's contemporaries recalled.

Inside the Soviets, instead of democracy, the dictatorship of the Bolsheviks was established.

I am ready to forgive even cruelty if I see compassion COMING from the one who speaks about it.

Answer: hidden.

Paronyms are single-root words belonging to the same part of speech, similar in sound, but having different lexical meanings: addresser - addressee; ignorant - ignorant; put on - put on, etc.

Members of paronymic pairs

They have different lexical meanings;

Combine with different words.

The correct answer is " SECRETIVE”, not inclined to share his thoughts and experiences with others.

6. In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the form of the word. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

WILL ERASE from the board

sing ZONCHE

V 150 meters

two pairs SOCKS

Not SPEECHING not a word

Answer: uttering

Task execution algorithm:

To complete this task, you need a good knowledge of the theory.

1. The formation and use of the nominative and genitive plural of nouns (For most masculine nouns, in the initial form ending in a solid consonant ( orange, tomato, fly agaric, computer, sock ), characteristically ending -OV in the genitive plural form: oranges, tomatoes, fly agarics, computers, socks etc).

2. The use of numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred ( The numerals one and a half and one and a half hundred in all indirect cases, except for the accusative, have the form one and a half, one and a half hundred ).

3. Formation and use of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs

The comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs differ from each other in syntactic functions in a sentence: the comparative degree of an adjective acts as a predicate of a personal sentence, a definition and, very rarely, a subject; the comparative degree of the adverb is in the role of a circumstance.

There is a mistake in the word " uttering". This is a gerund participle formed from a perfective verb. Perfective gerunds are formed by adding the suffix -V- to the basics of the infinitive into a vowel: push - pushing, come - stepping on, see - looking.

We also bring to your attention work program for the TMC Gusarova I.V. (basic and advanced levels) for grades 10-11.

From the fifth grade, you can already take it to work work program for the teaching materials of Albetkova R.I. in Russian literature.

7. Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and sentences in which they are made: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

GRAMMATICAL ERRORS

A) incorrect use of the case form of a noun

with a pretext

B) incorrect sentence construction with adverbial turnover

C) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate

D) incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech

D) violation in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous members

OFFERS

1) In 1915, Charlie Chaplin participated in the Charlie Chaplin look-alike competition in San Francisco, but he not only did not win, but did not even make it to the final.

2) The student told his teacher that I had not yet prepared for the answer.

3) Nekrasov's poem "Railway" presents a picture of folk life.

4) Turning back, it seemed to me that the dog was still following me, but there was no one.

5) Many years ago, here, in the very center of the village, there was a wooden church, and everyone who saw it admired the elegance of the building.

6) From June 1, commuter trains will depart according to the summer schedule.

7) The beast carefully made his way along the road leading to the village and along which he had already walked more than once.

8) A group of rescuers advanced towards a group of tourists.

9) All parcels sent abroad undergo strict epidemiological control.

Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.

Answer:

A.8. Errors related to the incorrect use of the CASE FORM of a NOUN WITH A PREPOSITION.

B.4. Errors in the construction of sentences with gerunds.

A sentence is grammatically incorrect in which the action expressed by the verb-predicate and the action expressed by the participle are performed by different persons.

AT 5. Errors associated with a violation of the connection between SUBJECT and PREDICT.

In complex sentences built according to the model " THOSE WHO... », « EVERYONE WHO... ”, with the subject KTO, the verb-predicate is put in the singular, and with the subject TE (ALL), the verb-predicate is used in the plural.

D.2. Errors in the construction of sentences with INDIRECT SPEECH.

When translating direct speech into indirect in the subordinate part, it is unacceptable to use the personal pronoun “I”: pronouns and verbs in the form of the first person should be replaced by pronouns and verbs in the form of the third person.

D 7. Errors in the construction of sentences with HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS.

The error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members (Proposition 7) is that different syntactic constructions are included in a number of homogeneous members. Need: either two participial turnovers, or two homogeneous subordinate clauses.

8. Determine the word in which the unstressed alternating vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

note..

friendly .. native (station)

ex..mother

Sat..Register

anal..gyny

Answer: hug

Task execution algorithm:

1) Choose test words for each word, remembering that among them there may be dictionary words, the unstressed vowel in the root of which requires memorization.

If you find words that have a checkable vowel in the root, or dictionary words, you can cross them out, as they will not be the correct answer

2) Read all the words carefully and find among them a word with an alternating vowel in the root:

GAR - GOR; ZAR - ZOR; CLAN - CLONE; TVAR - TVOR; LAG - LODGE; BIR - BER; PIR - PER; DIR - DER; TIR - TER; WORLD - MER; BLIST - SHINE; STEEL - STEL; YIG - ZHEG; CHIT - THUNDER; KAS - KOS A; (I) - MI (IN); RAST - RASH - ROS; SKAK - SKOCCH; MAC - IOC; EQUAL - ROVN; PLAV - PLOV; CHA - CHIN; MY - MIN; ZHA - PRESS; AE - NIM; KLYA - WEDGE.

It should be remembered:

1. Checked unstressed vowels in the root of the word

(in an unstressed position at the root of the word, the same vowel is written as under stress in cognate words or forms of this word: noteworthy - notice; save - carefully; analogous - analogy).

2. Alternating vowels at the root of the word (Hug - hug).

9. Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write these words out with the missing letter.

pr .. miracle, pr .. back (interpret)

pr..mazh (with glue), pr..grandfather

not..bendable, ..give

voz..chalk, inter..grovoy

under .. yachiy, about .. ate

Answer: inflexible, surrender

To complete the task correctly, you need to know the following spelling rules:

Spelling of invariable prefixes: (always spelled the same. You need to know them “by sight”: in-, in-, vzo-, you-, before-, for-, iso-, on-, over-, it is necessary-, not-, under-, o-, about-, both-, re-, over- , under-, under-, pr-, pre-, pro-, dis-, s-, co- . In the word “smear” (with glue) write the prefix PRO-, and in the word “great-grandfather” - PRA-)

Spelling of variable prefixes ending in -3 And -WITH(the prefix is ​​\u200b\u200bwritten with the letter Z if the root begins with a vowel or voiced consonant, and with the letter C if the root begins with a voiceless consonant (k, p, s, t - the word for remembering "KapuST": without-/bes-, air-/sun- (air-/sun-), from-/is-, down-/nis-, times-/races, roses-/rose-, through/through (through/through) ;

Spelling prefixes PRE- And AT-: (so as not to make a mistake in writing the prefix AT- or PRE- in a word, one should know their meaning. These prefixes are considered semantic, that is, the choice in their spelling is based on the meaning of the prefixes that they contribute to the lexical meaning of the word. So the root of the word "whim" is a morpheme -CHUD-: Quirk-Wonderful-Wonders. ... The semantics (meaning) of the prefix PRI- in the word is unclear, so we remember the spelling of this prefix in this word. And in the word "misinterpret" the choice of prefix depends on the lexical meaning of the word. Words with prefixes PRE- / PRI-, which are pronounced the same, but have different lexical meanings that determine the choice of prefix: in this case, “false, distorted”, so we choose the prefix PRE-);

Spelling I, Y after prefixes (if the prefix ends in a consonant, then AND root changes to S: a game- draw , famous - unknown , story - backstory .

But, after the prefixes of inter-, super- and foreign language prefixes dez-, counter-, post-, sub-, super-, trans-, pan- And it does not change: ultra-refined, inter-institutional, disinfection, counter-play, post-impressionism, trans-Indian, pan-Islamism.

excl.: charge);

Spelling separators Kommersant And b characters (separating Kommersant written only after consonant prefixes before letters e, yo, yu, i, denoting two sounds (the sound [th '] appears): entrance, overeat. Inside the word, before the letters e, yo, i, yu, i(not after the prefix!): curtain, serious, nightingale, blizzard, peasant, clerk (cf. clerk), etc. write b).

In the words "unbending" and "surrender" the prefix is ​​missing WITH-. No prefix Z-. The prefix C- does not change. Formally, the prefix C- is used in combinations Sat, sg, sd, szh, sk, mid.

10. Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the gap.

koch..vat

suede..out

eclipse

thoughtful .. out

Answer: Thoughtful

This is an adjective, the spelling is in the suffix. Adjective suffixes –LIV-, -CHIV-, are always written with the letter I.

Adjectives have suffixes -A LION-,-CHEV- can not be.

Reasoning algorithm:

1) Determine in which part of the word the letter is missing: in the ending or in the suffix.

2) If the vowel is omitted at the end, then use the indefinite form of the verb to establish its conjugation:

vowels are written in the personal endings of the verbs of the first conjugation E, U ;

vowels are written in the personal endings of verbs of the second conjugation I, A (I) .

3) If the vowel is missing in the suffix, then analyze the nature of the spelling:

missing vowel in participle suffixes ush, yusch, ash, yashch, im, eat (om) .

omitted vowel before participle suffix vsh, nn.

4) Spelling participle suffixes ush, yusch, ash, yashch, im, eat (om) depends on the conjugation of the original verb:

In participles formed from verbs of the I conjugation, suffixes are written ush, yusch, em (om) ;

In participles formed from verbs of the II conjugation, suffixes are written ash, ash, im.

5) Vowel spelling before participle suffixes vsh And nn depends on the at - yat or it - et the indefinite form of the original verb ends:

if the original verb ends in at or yat, then before nn in the passive participles of the past tense, the vowel a (ya) is preserved;

if the original verb ends in it or et , then before nn only written e ;

before the suffix vsh the same vowel is retained as before the ending be in an indefinite form.

Help: Put the verb in the 3rd person plural. (THEY do what? THEY do what?) ending -ut-ut - verb 1 conjugation - in the endings you should write a letter E ,

Ending - at-yat - verb 2 conjugation - in the endings you should write a letter AND .

11. Write down the word in which the letter Y is written in place of the gap.

hopeful

(they) offended..tsya

(patients) recover..t

sealed

(they) sit..t

Answer: offended

This is a verb derived from the verb "OFFEND" relating to the second conjugation. See table:

Conjugation of verbs

12. Define a sentence in which NOT with the word is written CLEARLY.

Open the brackets and write out this word.

We lived in poverty, constantly (NOT) EATING, exchanged for food those things that we brought with us.

My trained eye determined that the area was (NOT) DIVINED, but I still decided to look for at least some signs of human presence.

It is still far (NOT) CLEAR whether such an evaluation criterion is applicable to everyone and to the same extent.

The zoo accepts (NOT) SOLD-OUT fruits for the New Year, which will be enjoyed by elephants, kangaroos, bears and artiodactyls.

She is an amazing Russian actress, he is an (UN)KNOWN genius teacher, and both are true servants of the theater.

Answer: Undernourished, because.:

UNDER-- a complex prefix indicating incompleteness, lack of action or quality, for example, underdeveloped, underdeveloped, underdeveloped . It consists of two independently used elements: prefixes before- denoting the achievement of the goal, bringing the action to the end ( to eat, to reach, to finish reading, to live ), and particles Not-, which negates what "before" means ( miss, miss …).

Verbs with UNDER- The incompleteness of the action, manifested in the absence of a sufficient norm, is connected in verbs

1) with a lack of quantity of something ( underestimate, underestimate underestimate, underestimate ),

2) with a lack of length of something in time ( undersleep, undersleep, undersleep, undersleep ),

3) with an insufficient degree of intensity of action ( overlooked, overlooked, overlooked, overlooked ).

The most numerous is the first group of verbs. Among verbs with UNDER- there are those without NOT not used (n misunderstand, misunderstand, underutilize, underestimate, dislike, underhear, perplex, miss… ) Verbs to harass, to understand, to use up, to underestimate, to love, to hear, to understand, to count ... absent in the language.

It should be remembered that the rules for writing NOT with different parts of speech can be grouped as follows:

13. Define a sentence in which both highlighted words are writtenONE. Open the brackets and write out these two words.

Evidence research (BECAUSE OF preceded by the disclosure of the documents formulating the accusation, and ALSO) discussion of the procedure for examining evidence.

Nihilistic philosophy does not allow any (SUPER)PERSONAL values ​​on which the individual could rely, TO) justify your existence.

(FIRSTLY , everything should be fair, so you need to share the booty (EQUALLY .

(DESPITE to the hostility of critics, Turgenev was extremely popular among Russian readers: his novels enjoyed great fame even ( AT FIRST XX century.

The theater was (WHITE) STONE building with a high porch and AS (SAME) tall oak doors.

Answer: superpersonal, to

Adjective " SUPER PERSONAL » is written together, because

The first part of the compound adjective " ABOVE » enters the value of exceeding the usual measure, limit;

Word " TO " is a union, it can be replaced by a synonym.

Reasoning algorithm:

1) Read the sentence, think about its meaning.

2) Determine which part of speech the underlined word belongs to.

Unions so that, also, also, but, moreover, moreover, so, because are written together; they can be replaced by synonyms of the same part of speech.

Words of other parts of speech similar to these unions in sound what would, the same, the same, for that, at that, at what, and so, from that are written separately. They consist of two components: one of them (or would) can either be removed from the sentence or rearranged to another place; another component ( that, that, than, so, that ) to be replaced with other words.

Derivative prepositions are written together: DUE TO = because of , IN VIEW = because of , ABOUT = O , TOGETHER = To , DESPITE = despite .

Derivative prepositions are written separately: DURING = CONTINUED, IN CONTRAST, FINALLY , FOR .

For continuous, hyphenated or separate spelling of adverbs, apply the appropriate rules.

Derivative prepositions - during E: No news for a year. (time value)

Nouns with prepositions - during AND(what?) rivers. She spoke for an hour. See the continuation AND(what?) series. In contrast E from others (used with from). As a result E= due to

Nouns with prepositions - go up (refer to the verb),

Climb to the top of the mountain.

Participles with negation

Despite the rain, we left the city (although it was raining). Despite the bad weather, we went hiking.

14. Indicate the number (s) in the place of which (s) is written HH.

The young officers appointed (1) to the regiment were spoiled (2) with a gentle attitude towards them during the training period and completely (3) did not know anything about the true (4) life of ordinary soldiers.

Answer: 1,3,4.

The word "appointed" is a passive past participle should be written HH

1. The word "spoiled" is a short form (except for the masculine form) of an adjective with a qualitative meaning, coinciding in form with the passive participles of the past tense of perfective verbs, written with nn

2. The word "True" - HH - because it is formed at the junction of a stem ending in the letter H, and suffix H

Reasoning algorithm:

1 Determine which part of speech the word with the missing letter belongs to;

2.Apply spelling rule H And HH in the suffix of this part of speech.

Noun: NN

1. If the root of the word ends in H , and the suffix starts with H: raspberry(raspberries)

2.If noun. formed from adj., having HH, or from participle: soreness (painful), spoiled (spoiled)

3. Remember: dowry

1. In words formed from nouns that have suffixes -in-, -an-, -yan- : peat bog (from noun peat)

2. In words formed from adj. with one H : student (from adj. scientist), martyr, laborer

3. In words: purple (crimson), hemp (hemp), dumpling (boiled), smoked meats (smoked), bone (bone), sophistication (tricky), Shrovetide (oily), fescue (oatmeal), hotel (living room), woodcutter (wood), cleverness (intelligent), great martyr

Adjective:

1. n. -H+ -H -: pocket

2. -HE N- , -ENN- : commission, cranberry! windless

3. exceptions with -YANN-: GLASS, TIN, WOODEN

Youths (young naturalists)

4. -IN- : goose , exception WINDY (day, person)

5. -AN- (-YAN-) : leather Remember: young; crimson, ruddy, zealous, drunken, spicy (historical suf. - YAN- ); lamb, pork, blue, green, uniform, vigorous .

In short adjectives, the same number is written n, how much and in full

foggy distance - foggy distance, windy girl - windy girl

Participles:

Н - НН IN SUFFIXES OF PARTICIPLES AND VERBAL ADJECTIVES

1. There is a prefix: sifted flour (except prefix Not-)

But: wholemeal flour

1. There is a prefix Not-: wholemeal flour

2. No ¬, but there is AP: sifted flour

3. No ¬: seed flour

4. have a suffix -ova-/-eva-: pickles

Exceptions: forged, chewed, pecked (-ov-, -ev- are part of the root)

5. Formed from a non-prefixed perfective verb:

A solved problem (to decide - what to do?) But: a wounded soldier, wounded in the leg! Being wounded, the soldier remained in the ranks.

Women immediately hung up what was washed. (Suffering. adverb, since they retain the verbal meaning, indicate a temporary state, and not a permanent sign-quality)., windless

Exception: wounded, windy

6. The same words in their direct meaning will be participles: titled play, finished work.

7. When the participle turns into an adjective, it is possible to change the lexical meaning of the word: smart child, uninvited guest, named brother, imprisoned father, dowry, Forgiveness Sunday, finished man.

Exceptions: cutesy, desired, unheard of, unseen, sacred, unexpected, unexpected, unintentional, done, slow, awake, conceited, chased.

8. Spelling does not change as part of compound words: golden-woven, broken-broken, The word everything as a whole matters adj. (high quality), not the value of "adj. + communion.

9. Brief participles: spoiled girl

SHOULD BE DISTINCTIVE

short adjective

The girl is brought up (herself is a short adjective). Can be replaced by a full adjective: educated.

Brief Communion

The girl was brought up in an orphanage (by whom?) - a short adverb. Replaced by the verb: the girl was brought up.

Impl. ? cr. moreover

The matter is considered (what?) from all sides. Thoughtful - predicate.

15. Arrange punctuation marks. Write two sentences in which you need to put ONE comma. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

1) His relatives and colleagues and numerous friends came to congratulate the hero of the day.

2) The romantic hero finds an equal beginning only in communion with the elements: with the world of the ocean or sea, mountains or coastal rocks.

3) In the excerpt from Bunin's "Antonov apples" one feels not so much the author's desire to be a landowner as the desire to be free from petty matters.

4) The constant movement of aspiration to other limits is the essence of creative life, and Pasternak wrote about this in one of his poems.

5) In the morning, the east lit up with a blush and small clouds turned into a delicate color.

Answer: 2.3

2-sentence - repeated conjunction OR with homogeneous members.

3rd sentence - union " as much as', which expresses collation under constraint; the same as " not to the extent...". The punctuation mark is placed between the parts of the sentence (before the second part of the union).

Reasoning algorithm:

1. Find homogeneous members in the sentence.

2. Determine which unions connect them:

if it is a single connecting or dividing union (and, or, either, yes (= and) , do not put a comma before it;

if it is a double union ( as ..., and; not so much ... as; not only but; though...but ), a comma is placed only before the second part of the double union;

If these are repeated unions, then a comma is placed only before those of them that are between homogeneous members;

A comma is always placed before opposing unions between homogeneous members.

3. Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members connected in pairs. Remember: if homogeneous members in a sentence are connected in pairs, then a comma is placed between the paired groups and there is only one.

16. Arrange all punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

Mathematics (1) originated in Ancient Greece (2) has two "parents" - logic and geometry, therefore (3) without understanding (4) the nature of the "parents" (5) its essence cannot be understood.

Answer: a) 1,2 - participle turnover after the word being defined, b)3,4- gerund (single)

Reasoning algorithm:

The participial phrase answers questions Which? which? which? which?;

The participle answers questions having done what? doing what? And denotes an additional action with a verb - a predicate; adverbial phrase answers questions How? When? Why?

* punctuation in participial turnover depends on its location in relation to the noun being defined;

* the adverbial turnover is always distinguished in writing by commas;

* Homogeneous definitions and circumstances expressed by participial and adverbial phrases and connected by a single union AND, are not separated by a comma.

Reasoning algorithm:

1) Find participial and adverbial phrases in the sentence, correctly defining their boundaries. Always separated by commas.

2) Determine what position in the sentence the participial turnover occupies ( BEFORE- not separated by commas. AFTER the defined word - highlighted

3) Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members with the union AND, expressed by participial or participial phrases. A comma is not put before the union And.

Difficult cases of punctuation in participles and participles.

17. Put in all the missing punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in sentences.

Winds (1) winds (2) o snowy (3) winds (4)

Notice my past life.

I want to be a child of light

Or a flower from the meadow border.

I (5) would like (6) under horse snores

Hug with a neighboring bush.

Raise w (7) you (8) moon paws (9)

My sadness in heaven with a bucket.

(S. Yesenin)

Answer: 1,2,4 - this is an appeal

8.9 is an appeal

Remember: introductory words can be removed from a sentence without changing the main idea of ​​the syntactic construction. Use the technique of excluding highlighted words.

Reasoning algorithm:

1) Check if the highlighted words are introductory.

Introductory words can be removed from the sentence or replaced with synonymous introductory words; they are separated by commas.

Homonymous with the introductory words, the members of the sentence cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the syntactic construction; they are not separated by commas.

Remember that words are not introductory and are not separated by commas: as if, as if, perhaps, for the most part, as if, literally, in addition, after all, in the end, it seems to be, hardly, anyway, after all, even, exactly, sometimes, as it were, besides, only, meanwhile, for sure, extremely, probably, certainly, definitely, partly, at least, truly, still, therefore, simply, let, decisively, nevertheless, only, supposedly.

18. Arrange all punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

It was as if Chekhov did not know how to keep in focus for a long time the pattern of life (1) the essence (2) of which (3) his genius snatched everywhere (4) so ​​he became a master of short stories.

Answer: 1,4 - adnexal clauses are separated

Reasoning algorithm:

1. Find the grammatical foundations of the sentence.

2. Define the boundaries of the main and subordinate parts.

3. Read the sentence, observing the selected signs. This will help to identify an incorrectly found solution or, conversely, confirm the correct choice.

Remember! As a rule, complex sentences are presented in this task. with adjectives, in them conjunction word which stands not at the beginning of the subordinate part, but in the middle of it, therefore A comma is not placed before the allied word. (1. Eliminate the numbers around the word "which"

4. Attention to the union And). Determine what it connects: parts of a complex sentence - a comma, homogeneous members of a sentence - no comma.

19. Arrange all punctuation marks. Indicate the number(s) that should be replaced by a comma(s) in the sentence.

How nice it is to look at a ship with white sails from afar (1) and (2) when you get into this web of gear (3) from which (4) there is no passage (5) and you see everything from the inside (6) you immediately recognize the superiority of the steamer over the sailboat.

Answer: put commas

3 - the subordinate clause ends, a new one begins

5-between parts of a complex sentence

6-ended clause

Reasoning algorithm:

1. Indicate the grammatical foundations in the sentence.

2. Define the boundaries of simple sentences as part of a complex syntactic construction.

3. See how these parts are connected.

4. Find out if the offer contains Union And , and if it is present in the sentence, determine what it connects:

· If homogeneous members, then there is a comma before it not put;

· If parts of a complex sentence, then in front of him a comma is placed.

5. Find 2 unions side by side: what if, what when, and if, and although, but when, so that if, and when:

A comma between unions is NOT put if words go further in the sentence then yes, but

A comma is placed between unions, if not THAT, YES, BUT

Read the text and complete tasks 20–24.

(1) The sky was covered with evil clouds, the rain sadly beat on the glass and made me sad. (2) In a thoughtful pose, with his vest unbuttoned and his hands in his pockets, he stood at the window and looked at the gloomy street, the owner of the city pawnshop, Polikarp Semyonovich Iudin.

(3) “Well, what is our life? - he reasoned in unison with the weeping sky. - (4) What is she? (5) Some kind of book with a mass of pages on which more suffering and grief are written than joys ... (6) Why was it given to us? (7) After all, God, good and omnipotent, did not create the world for sorrows! (8) And it turns out the other way around. (9) There are more tears than laughter ... "

(10) Judas took his right hand out of his pocket and scratched the back of his head.

(11) “Yes,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe, obviously, there was no poverty, venality and shame, but in reality they are. (12) They were created by humanity itself. (13) It itself gave rise to this scourge. (14) And for what, one asks, for what?

(15) He took out his left hand and mournfully passed it over his face.

(16) “But how easy it would be to help people’s grief: you just have to lift a finger.” (17 Here, for example, there is a rich funeral procession. a mile away a line of carriages. (19) Torchbearers importantly act with lanterns. (20) Cardboard coats of arms dangle on horses: they bury an important person, the dignitary must have died. (21) Has he done at least one good deed in his whole life? (22) Did you warm the poor man? (23) Of course not ... tinsel!

- (24) What do you want, Semyon Ivanovich?

- (25) Yes, I find it difficult to evaluate the costume. (26) In my opinion, you can’t give more than six rubles for it. (27) And she asks for seven; says the kids are sick, they need to be treated.

- (28) And six rubles will be a bit much. (29) Do not give more than five, otherwise we will burn out like that. (30) Just take a good look around, if there are any holes and if there are spots left where ... (31) “Well, sir, so here it is - life that makes you think about human nature. (32) Behind a rich hearse stretches a cart, onto which a pine coffin is piled. (33) Behind her weaving, slapping through the mud, only one old woman. (34) This old woman, perhaps, is putting her breadwinner son in the grave ... (35) And ask if that lady who is sitting in the carriage will give her at least a penny? (36) Of course, he won’t, although he may express his condolences ... (37) What else is there?

- (38) The old woman brought a fur coat ... how much to give?

- (39) Rabbit fur ... (40) Nothing, strong, it costs five rubles. (41) Give me three rubles, and the interest, of course, is forward ... (42) “Where, in fact, are people, where are their hearts? (43) The poor are dying, but the rich don’t care ... "

(44) Judas pressed his forehead against the cold glass and thought. (45) Large, shiny, crocodile tears appeared in his eyes.

(according to A.P. Chekhov*)

* Alexander Pavlovich Chekhov (1855–1913) - Russian writer, prose writer, publicist, older brother of Anton Pavlovich Chekhov.

20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Specify the answer numbers.

1) Polikarp Semenovich Iudin - one of the ordinary employees of the city pawnshop.

2) The woman who took the suit to the pawnshop had sick children.

3) In the city pawnshop of Judah, interest is taken forward.

4) The owner of the city pawnshop is worried about the fate of the people, so he is ready to do charity work.

5) One old woman went to a pawnshop to hand over a hare coat, as she was very poor and she needed money for a funeral.

To complete the task, use the following algorithm:

Read the text carefully

Find in it a confirmation or refutation of a particular statement

・Choose the correct answers

Consider how you can apply this algorithm to perform this task.

The first answer is unfaithful, because Polikarp Semyonovich Iudin is the owner of the city pawnshop (offer No. 2)

The assertion made in the fourth variant of the answer, is directly opposite to what the author says in the text itself. So this answer wrong.

In the fifth version the answer contains only part of the correct information (the old woman was poor), but she did not need money for the funeral

So answer number 5 is also incorrect.

Statement No. 2 is correct: “He says that the kids are sick, they need to be treated” (sentence 27). This loyal answer.

Statement No. 3 is correct: “Give me three rubles, and the interest, of course, is forward ...” (sentence No. 41). This loyal answer.

Therefore, the correct answer is: 2.3

21. Which of the following statements are true? Specify the answer numbers.

1) Sentence 2 contains a description.

2) Sentences 11-14 present the narrative.

3) Proposition 23 contains the answer to the question formulated

in sentences 21–22.

4) Sentences 34–36 present reasoning

5) Sentence 45 explains the reason for what is said in sentence 44.

Task execution algorithm:

Read carefully the suggested passages;

Remember that the description shows, describes.

Varieties of description:

1) description of an object, person (his characteristic)

2) description of the place

3) description of the state of the environment

4) description of the state of the person (person)

5) description of actions

The story tells about the actions, deeds of the hero. We can trace a series of events that follow each other (was, is, will be).

reasoning is built according to the scheme: thesis, proof, conclusion.

Attention! Not always in the passage there is a pronounced thesis. But if there is an explanation, a discussion of any event, phenomenon, then this discussion, not storytelling. The presence of rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations, introductory words will tell you that this is reasoning.

Determine what type of speech each fragment belongs to

Let's try to apply this algorithm.

1) Sentence 2 contains a description.

“In a thoughtful pose, with his vest unbuttoned and his hands in his pockets, he stood at the window and looked at the gloomy street, the owner of the city pawnshop, Polikarp Semyonovich Iudin.”

The fragment describes the pose, clothing. We "see" this hero.

So this correct answer

2) Sentences 11-14 present the narrative.

(11) “Yes,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe, obviously, there was no poverty, venality and shame, but in reality they are. (12) They were created by humanity itself. (13) It itself gave rise to this scourge. (14) And for what, one asks, for what?

This answer incorrect. In this passage, the hero talks about the universe, poverty, humanity. It contains an introductory word, a rhetorical question. So, uh then reasoning.

3) Proposition 23 contains the answer to the question formulated in Propositions 21-22.

(21) Has he done at least one good deed in his whole life? (22) Did you warm the poor? (23) Of course not ... tinsel! Question, question and answer. This correct answer.

4) Sentences 34–36 present reasoning.

(34) This old woman, perhaps, is putting her breadwinner son in the grave ... (35) And ask if that lady who is sitting in the carriage will give her at least a penny? (36) Of course, he won’t, although he may express his condolences ...

This is the correct answer. The hero talks about kindness, condolences. We observe in this fragment introductory words, a rhetorical question.

5) Sentence 45 explains the reason for what is said in sentence 44.

(44) Judas pressed his forehead against the cold glass and thought. (45) Large, shiny, crocodile tears appeared in his eyes.

A series of actions: he pressed his forehead, thought, tears came out. So this answer incorrect, This narration.

Therefore, the correct answer is: 134

22. From sentences 39–45 write out antonyms (antonymic pair).

Task execution algorithm:

1. Remember what antonyms are.

Antonyms are words belonging to the same part of speech, differing in spelling and sound, and meaning directly opposite concepts.

Do not forget about contextual antonyms, which are an individual stylistic use of a particular word ... In general use, these words do not stand in antonymous relations to each other. So, in the context of A. Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin", the words "wave" and "stone", "poetry" and "prose", "ice" and "flame" are antonyms..

3. Determine the specified lexical unit

4. Choose the correct answer

(43) The poor are dying, but the rich don’t care ... "

These are nouns with the opposite lexical meaning.

Therefore, we write out: the poor, the rich

23. Among sentences 15-23, find one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using a coordinating conjunction and a personal pronoun. Write the number(s) of this offer(s).

Reasoning algorithm:

Recall what conjunctions are (coordinating and subordinating)

1. Find a coordinating union

2. Remember the ranks of pronouns

3. Find a personal pronoun

4. See which sentence has both a coordinating conjunction and a personal pronoun

Coordinating conjunctions

Connecting and, yes(=and), no-no, too, also

opposing but, but, yes (= but), but, however, the same

Dividing or, either, something, or ... or, not that ... not that

Personal pronouns (initial form)

Case forms

Attention! Case forms of personal pronouns HER, HIS, THEM match with possessive pronouns HER, HIS, THEM. How to distinguish?

By initial form and question:

saw (who?) her, him, them .

Initial form: she, he, it, they.

Therefore, it is a personal pronoun.

Her, him, them books (R. p.).

Initial form: her, him, them books.

Books (whose?) her, him, them.

Therefore, they are possessive pronouns.

(20) Cardboard emblems dangle on horses: an important person is being buried, the dignitary must have died. (21) Has he done at least one good deed in his whole life?

24. Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed in tasks 20–23. This fragment examines the language features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps (A, B, C, D) with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write in the table under each letter the corresponding number

Chekhov's stories are compact in form and deep in content, and the author avoids direct value judgments - his voice sounds low, but at the same time firm and distinct. This is facilitated by a complex composition and, of course, a competent selection of visual and expressive means. In the presented fragment, it is worth noting the trope - (A) __________ (“evil clouds” in sentence 1, “gloomy street” in sentence 2), the lexical means - (B) __________ (“hang out” in sentence 20, “burn out” in sentence 29 , “weaves, spanking ...” in sentence 33), the syntactic means is (B) __________ (sentences 3, 14, 21). It is worth paying attention to such a technique as (D) __________ (sentence 11), which becomes, perhaps, one of the main ones in the construction of this text.

List of terms

1) phraseological units

2) antithesis

3) epithets

4) colloquial vocabulary

6) interrogative sentences

7) lexical repetition

8) hyperbole

9) synecdoche

Reasoning algorithm:

We divide all terms into 3 groups

There is a hint in the first question:mark trail.

trails - words and expressions used by the author of the text in a figurative sense.

We recall the tropes: personification, epithet, comparison, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, litote, irony, paraphrase.

We look at which of them are in the list of terms: epithet, synecdoche, hyperbole - this is first group

We recall the definitions: Hyperbole is an excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object. Synecdoche is a kind of metonymy when the name of a part is used instead of the name of the whole or vice versa. An epithet is a figurative, emotionally evaluative definition.

Hyperbole and synecdoche do not fit.

« Evil clouds», « gloomy street"- this is a figurative, emotional-evaluative definition, expressed by an adjective.

Therefore, this epithet.

In the second task, we are talking about lexical means.

We add to our list: synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, neologisms, archaisms, historicisms, phraseological units, aphorisms, dialectisms, professionalisms, colloquial vocabulary.

The list of terms includes: Phraseologisms - a stable combination of words, the meaning of which is determined as a whole, and not by the meaning of the individual words included in it.

Colloquial vocabulary gives speech the character of ease and some reduction (rudeness, familiarity, playfulness).

Phraseological units and colloquial vocabulary are second group

• The words “hang out”, “burn out”, “weaves, spanking ...” refer to colloquial vocabulary.

Therefore, the answer is: #4

In task "B" they ask about the syntactic means.

• We recall the syntactic means of expression, and look at what are in the list of terms:

antithesis, inversion, gradation, oxymoron, parcellation, anaphora, epiphora, rhetorical question, interrogative sentences, rhetorical appeal, ellipsis, lexical repetition, question-answer form, syntactic parallelism, homogeneous members of a sentence.

• The list of terms includes:

Antithesis - a sharp opposition of concepts, thoughts, images.

Interrogative sentences - a question that is posed in order to obtain an answer.

Lexical repetition is the intentional repetition of the same word or phrase.

Homogeneous members of the sentence - enumerated actions, objects, signs.

Antithesis, interrogative sentences, lexical repetition. homogeneous members of the proposal - this is the third group.

(3) “Well, what is our life? - he reasoned in unison with the weeping sky. - (4) What is she? (21) Has he done at least one good deed in his whole life?

These are interrogative sentences.

Hence, answer #6

Task "G" I propose to perform by the method of elimination.

1) phraseological units

2) antithesis

3) epithets

4) colloquial vocabulary

5) rows of homogeneous members of the proposal

6) interrogative sentences

7) lexical repetition

8) hyperbole

9) synecdoche

(11) “Well, yes,” he continued thoughtfully, “in terms of the universe, obviously, there was no poverty, venality and shame, but in reality they are.

The text is built on opposition. The thoughts and deeds of the hero of the story are contrasted.

Therefore, answer "No. 2

We fill in the table: A- 3, B- 4, C- 6, D- 2

25. Write an essay based on the text you read.

State one of the problems delivered the author of the text.

Comment on the formulated problem. Include in the comment two illustration examples from the read text that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid over-quoting).

Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the read text. Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on the reader's experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

A work written without relying on the text read (not on this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a paraphrase or a complete rewrite of the original text without any