What is an argument and what can it be? What is the meaning of the word "argument"? Arguments for an essay for the exam in the Russian language by topic

Argumentation strategies:

The most difficult step is selection of arguments. The construction of an argument can be based on two principles: on the approval of one’s own thesis and on the refutation of the opponent’s thesis (the latter is easier, because the opponent takes over the work of generating new ideas, and you can only scold his ideas).

With the confirmation strategy, a person gives arguments that confirm his thesis (we do not take the kindergarten situation, when the thesis is simply repeated many times, but without a single proof).

Direct confirmation of the thesis.

Thesis: squirrels are dangerous animals.

Argument: because they attack people.

It still happens indirect confirmation, when another proposition is deduced from the thesis, its truth is proved and then the truth of the first thesis is proved.

Thesis: Squirrels are dangerous animals.

Additional thesis: Bites from dangerous animals require medical supervision.

Argument: Indeed, after a squirrel bite, you will have to visit the emergency room and get vaccinated against rabies. This proves that proteins are dangerous.

Rebuttal strategy:

direct refutation :

Counterthesis: Proteins are harmless.

Refutation of the counterthesis: Proteins spoil their habitat, i.e. they are not harmless.

It also happens indirect rebuttal. Then the person himself deduces certain provisions from the counterthesis (opponent's thesis), refutes them, and thus refutes the counterthesis itself.

Counterthesis: Proteins are harmless.

Additional counterpoint:Harmless animals are kept at home.

Refutation of the counterthesis: No one keeps protein at home, only fans This means that proteins are not harmless and unsafe.

In the fight against an opponent is also a good way refutation of arguments, which leads to the recognition of the groundlessness of the counterthesis and to the reinforcement of the thesis.

Counterthesis: Proteins are harmless.

Argument: They are small animals compared to humans.

Refutation of the argument: Viruses are also small, but they can cause great harm to a person. So size doesn't matter here.

Another way to refute demo refutation, i.e. proof that arguments that are valid in themselves are not connected with a counterthesis.

Counterthesis: Proteins are harmless.

Argument: Squirrels are beautiful and graceful.

Demonstration rebuttal: Yes, squirrels are beautiful and graceful, but this does not affect their safety in any way. Jaguars are also beautiful and graceful, but would anyone agree to meet one on one with a hungry jaguar at night?

Argument types:

Arguments are divided into:

1. natural evidence: arguments for the obvious(eyewitness accounts, documents, expert examination data, scientific experiment - "tangible" evidence)

2. artificial evidence(other)

artificial evidence :

- logical (arguments to logos)

There are two types logical evidence: syllogism(the particularity is proved with the help of general statements) and guidance(the general assertion is proved on the basis of particulars).

This corresponds to two methods of deriving conclusions: deduction(from the general to the particular) and induction(from the particulars, a conclusion is drawn about the general). Sherlock Holmes, who all the time shouted about the deductive method, actually used the inductive method (from the particulars he deduced the whole). Induction can fail, because from several particular facts we can draw some kind of conclusion, and then one fact will take and refute it (for example, we will decide on the basis of observations that all pigeons are blue-gray, and then some white scoundrel will fly in and that’s it). spoil).

Examples of syllogisms :

A syllogism usually includes two premises and a conclusion.

The premises and the conclusion are judgments.

Judgments are of four types: general affirmative (all objects that have a certain property also have another property);

All people are mortal

private affirmative (some objects that have a certain property also have another property);

Some people are men

general negative(no object that has a certain property has another property); No man is a plant

partial negative (some objects that have a certain property do not have another property)

Some people are not children

A judgment is divided into a subject (what is being said) and a predicate (what is new about the subject).

All professors (M) have a degree (P)(includes conclusion predicate: major premise).

Pantelei Prokofich Kryndilyabrov (S) - professor (M) (includes the subject of the conclusion: a small premise).

Panteley Prokofich ( S ) has a degree (P).

All professors are the subject of an utterance. Have a degree - a predicate.

Pantelei Prokofich is a subject. The professor is a predicate.

Panteley Prokofich is again a subject. Has a degree - a predicate.

Subjects and predicates must match, otherwise the syllogism will be meaningless (we equated the subject of the first premise with the subject of the second, after which the predicate of the first premise turned out to be the predicate of the second as well).

Allocate large (P), small ( S ) and the middle (M) member of the syllogism. The middle member acts as an intermediary and does not appear in the conclusion (in our case, the professor). A large penis - in this case it is "having a degree." Small member - Pantelei Prokofich.

Not all syllogisms are equally correct (not all yogurts are equally healthy).

The conscious construction of an incorrect syllogism at the output gives a sophism (“People eat bread.Pigs eat bread.Therefore, people are pigs.”). There are syllogisms in which a mistake is made unintentionally.

For example: Many PhDs are assistant professors. Pasha Zyabkin - Ph.D. Pasha Zyabkin - Associate Professor.

In fact, Pasha Zyabkin may or may not be an associate professor: not all candidates of science are associate professors at the same time, these are two partially overlapping sets, and Pasha Zyabkin can either be a member of both sets or belong to one of them, i.e. e. many candidates.

There are multi-story syllogisms (complex).

Men like Angelina Jolie.

Men like beautiful women.

If men like Angelina Jolie, then she is a beautiful woman.

Women who look like Angelina Jolie are also beautiful.

Dunya looks like Angelina Jolie, so Dunya is also beautiful.

guidance(inductive method)

It often leads to errors, because it forces one to accept as truth a conclusion that concerns only a part of the phenomena.

For example: I saw only rock pigeons on the streets of the city. Pigeons are only gray.

Close to induction is analogy(properties of one object known to us are transferred to another). Unlike induction, we are talking about a single object about which we know something, and the transfer is also made to a single object, and not to a class of beings / substances.

For example: I'll take a red apple. I do not want to take green - it for sure sour. Yesterday I ate a green apple and it was terribly sour.

This physical analogy . Within its framework, close or identical objects are compared.

Is there some more figurative analogy. It allows you to match distant objects.

For example: A good marriage is everything equals what comfortable house slippers.

- arguments for ethos (mores) / ethical arguments (reliance on the collective experience of society)

arguments for empathy (mentioning the qualities that are positioned in society as commendable)

a) direct attacks on a person (my opponent is a cretin)

b) indirect attack (my opponent is interested in the results of the discussion, so his opinion cannot be considered objective)

c) an indication that the person has previously said or done something different

- arguments for pathos(passions)/emotional arguments (relying on a person's individual experience)

The author evokes certain, pre-programmed emotions (positive or negative) in the audience. In this case, the arguments can be directed to the audience itself, to the speaker (some feelings should arise for him) or to third parties (feelings towards them)

a) arguments for a promise (promises)

b) arguments for the threat (audience intimidation)

reasons for trust

If we are talking about logical proof, the argument for confidence is that, along with logical reasoning, the person to whom this reasoning belongs is indicated, and, as a rule, this person is characterized in accordance with the "logos" spirit, such as "the great thinker of antiquity ”, “famous logician of the twentieth century”, “Chinese sage”, etc.Sometimes the names speak for themselves, and then the usual way of introducing them is as follows: "Even Socrates believed that ...", "Aristotle himself, the father of logic, believed that ...". As a third party when cast logical proof experts can speak.

A reference to authority in an argument to ethos most often contains a characteristic of authority (from the “ethos” side) and an indication of the addressee of the speech. Her usual scheme is as follows: "So-and-so, and he knows a lot about this, he said that we often forget about something."

The reference to authority in an argument for pathos also usually contains a characterization of the authority itself. This can be not only an authority in the proper sense of the word, but also a little-known person who has become an authority as a person who has experienced firsthand what is said in the threat or promise. Moreover, in the latter case, the third party can be named generically: “Every American will tell you that...”, “Those who have experienced the horrors of war do not need to be explained that...”, “Those who lived under socialism remember very well how...”.

d leads to distrust

Distrust in the argument to the logos is created by the fact that a deliberately false statement is given, which belongs to a person whose logical abilities the author doubts. In this case, the "out-of-the-box" effect is often used as well.

Distrust when arguing for ethos is created by the fact that a person is qualified as not knowing people (most often quite specific people, a given social or age group), not understanding their ethical attitudes. For example: “So-and-so speaks with great feeling about the problems of youth. But he apparently forgot how young people live. And he simply has no idea about today's youth, their thoughts and feelings.

Distrust when arguing for pathos (threat or promise) is created in a similar way: it is shown that the person who appeals to pathos does not know well the people to whom he appeals. For example: “He promises hungry old people Snickers and discos! He invites them to enjoy the sounds of heavy metal, and they need free medical care!” Or: “He threatens the rebels with war? People who have been carrying weapons with them for forty years! Yes... It is unlikely that this politician will be able to control people!”

Argument selection strategy:

When choosing arguments, consider the following:

strong arguments are natural proofs:

Judgments based on well-established, documented facts

Experimental results

Testimony of disinterested and competent eyewitnesses

Expert opinions

Statistical Calculations

And:

Quotes from statutes, laws, regulations, etc.

However, even with such arguments you can fight (if you really need it):

Facts can be accurate, but they can be interpreted in your own way (for example, to doubt the causal chain)

The opinions of experts and authorities can be challenged by calling into question their right to conduct an examination, their viability as specialists, their disinterest in the results, and it can also be clarified whether the opinion of experts concerned this particular situation or this opinion was simply farfetched

Witnesses can be suspected of being interested and that they could not soberly assess the situation / in amnesia

Statistical calculations can be accused of being unrepresentative (are you sure you interviewed the entire population of the globe?)

Weak arguments are recognized:

Conclusions from dubious statistics (interviewed five people in a nightclub)

Reasoning with incorrect application of the syllogism scheme

Sophisms, reasoning with a deliberately made logical error ("Horns")

Contrived analogies (an analogy between playing basketball and driving a car)

One-sidedly selected aphorisms and sayings

Generalizations

Assumptions based on personal experience

Insolventthe following arguments:

Conclusions based on rigged facts

- speculation

Advance promises not supported by deeds, personal assurances (I guarantee you ..., I assure you as a specialist ..., I ask you to just take it on faith ...)

You should not give too many arguments: a large number of arguments, especially arguments of different sizes, leads to a loss of persuasiveness, to the depreciation of each specific argument.

Individual arguments should not be abandoned if together they create a convincing picture (a situation where only the sum of the arguments can be convincing, but not each of the arguments separately). Let's say we're trying to substantiate a murder charge against a dead man's son. We have no direct evidence, but we can show by the sum of the arguments that it was the son who was most interested in the death of his father and had the best opportunity to kill.

You should not use arguments that can be turned to your advantage by the opposite side. The destructive power of your own argument, used by enemies, increases many times over.

Reasoning errors are:

1) errors related to the thesis

Substitution of the thesis- in the process of argumentation, the author begins to prove a different thesis, not the one that he outlined at the beginning. It can be done on purpose, it can be done by accident.

Proof of absurd theses .

2) arguments related errors

Use of false premises (a good driver never gets into an accident).

3) demo related errors

Parcels not related to the thesis are used as arguments (first a company of four people came to the cafe, then a company of three, the next visitors will be a couple).

In the texts for preparing for the exam, we have repeatedly encountered the problem of selfishness in its various manifestations, each of which is a heading in our list. Literary arguments from foreign and domestic books are selected for them. All of them are available for download in the form of a table, the link is at the end of the collection.

1. In the modern world, the trend of selfishness is gaining momentum more and more. However, this is not to say that this problem did not exist before. One of the classic examples is Larra, the hero of the legend from the story M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil". He is the son of an eagle and an earthly woman, which is why he considers himself smarter, stronger and better than others. In his behavior, disrespect for others and, in particular, for the older generation is noticeable. His behavior reaches its apogee when Larra kills the daughter of one of the elders only because the girl refused to satisfy his whims. He is immediately punished and exiled. After the expiration of time, isolated from society, the hero begins to experience unbearable loneliness. Larra returns to the people, but it's too late and they don't take him back. Since then, he has been wandering like a lonely shadow on the earth, because God punished the proud man with eternal life in exile.
2. IN Jack London's short story Far Far Away selfishness is equated with instinct. It tells of Weatherbee and Cuthfert, who happened to be alone in the North. They went to distant lands to look for gold and are forced to wait out the harsh winter together in an old hut. After a while, real natural egoism begins to manifest in them. Ultimately, the heroes lose the fight for survival, succumbing to their base desires. They kill each other in a fierce fight for a cup of sugar.

Selfishness as a disease

1. Two centuries ago, the great classics described the problem of selfishness. Eugene Onegin is the main character of the novel of the same name written by A.S. Pushkin, is a prominent representative of people with "Russian blues". He is not interested in the opinions of others, he misses everything that happens around. Because of his cowardice and irresponsibility, the poet Lensky dies, and his insensitivity offends the feelings of a young noblewoman. Of course, he is not hopeless; at the end of the novel, Eugene realizes his love for Tatyana. However, it's already too late. And the girl rejects him, remaining faithful to her husband. As a result, he dooms himself to suffering until the end of his days. Even his desire to become lovers of the married and respected by all Tatyana betrays his selfish motives, which he cannot get rid of even in love.
2. Selfishness is like a kind of disease, it destroys a person from the inside and does not allow him to adequately interact with the people around him. Grigory Pechorin, who is the central character in novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time", constantly pushes away people dear to the heart. Pechorin easily understands human nature, and this skill plays a cruel joke on him. Thinking himself higher and smarter than others, Gregory thereby fences himself off from society. The hero often plays with people, provokes them to different actions. One of these cases ends with the death of his friend, the other with the tragic death of his girlfriend. A man understands this, regrets it, but he cannot throw off the shackles of the disease.

Self-abasement of an egoist

1. A prime example of a selfish person is a hero novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", Rodion Raskolnikov. He, like many of his acquaintances, lives in poverty and blames others for everything. At one point, he decides to kill an old woman who is a pawnbroker in order to take away her money and distribute it to poor townspeople, freeing them from debt obligations in relation to Alena Ivanovna. The hero does not think about the immorality of his deeds. On the contrary, he is sure that it is for a good purpose. But in fact, only for the sake of his whim, he wants to test himself and check to what type of people he can attribute himself: to “trembling creatures” or to “having the right”. Still, having violated one of the commandments because of selfish desire, the hero dooms himself to loneliness and mental anguish. Pride blinds him, and only Sonya Marmeladova helps Raskolnikov to take the right path again. Without her help, he would surely have gone mad with pangs of conscience.
2. Despite the fact that sometimes a person crosses all moral and legal boundaries in order to achieve his selfish goals, we tend to experience pangs of conscience. So is one of the heroes of the poem A.N. Nekrasov "Who should live well in Rus'" realized his wrong. Peasant Yermil Girin uses his position as headman to free his brother from recruiting duty. Instead, he writes down another villager. Realizing that he ruined the life of a man and his family, he regrets his selfish act. His sense of guilt is so great that he is even ready to commit suicide. However, he repents to the people in time and accepts his sin, trying to make amends.

Female selfishness

1. Selfish people are never satisfied with what they have. They always want to have something more. Material wealth for them is a way of self-affirmation. The heroine of a fairy tale A.S. Pushkin "About the fisherman and the fish" dissatisfied with their life in poverty. When her husband catches a "goldfish", the woman only needs a new trough. However, each time she wants more, and in the end, the old woman wants to become a mistress of the sea. Easy prey and selfish morals overshadow the mind of the old woman, because of which, in the end, she loses everything and again finds herself at a broken trough. Magical power punishes her for the fact that the lady, in pursuit of satisfaction of pride, did not at all appreciate either her husband or the benefits that she got.
2. Women are often called selfish as they like to spend a lot of time looking after themselves. However, real selfishness is much worse. Heroine epic novel by L.N.. Tolstoy "War and Peace" Helen Kuragina proves to the reader that true egoists are characterized by heartlessness. The princess was a beautiful girl and had many admirers, however, she chooses an ugly and awkward gentleman, Pierre Bezukhov, as her husband. However, she does this not out of love. She needs his money. Literally immediately after the wedding, she gets a lover. Over time, her arrogance reaches incredible proportions. Helen, with the onset of the war, when you need to worry about the fate of your homeland, thinks only about how to get rid of her husband and remarry one of her admirers.

Ruthlessness of selfishness

1. Lack of sympathy, pity, compassion - these are the features that are characteristic of egoists. No wonder they say that such people are ready for the most terrible deeds for the sake of their whim. For example, in I. Turgenev's story "Mumu" the lady takes away from her servant the only joy in his life. One day Gerasim picks up a homeless puppy, raises it, takes care of it. However, the puppy annoyed the lady, and she ordered the hero to drown him. With bitterness in his heart, Gerasim carries out the order. Just because of a simple whim of a selfish person, he loses his only friend and ruins the life of an animal.
2. In obedience to selfishness, people lose control over themselves and make irreparable mistakes. For example, Hermann in the work of A. S. Pushkin "The Queen of Spades" learns about the secret of three cards, which guarantees winning in any card game. The young man decides to get him at any cost, and for this he pretends to be in love with the pupil of the only secret keeper - an elderly countess. Making his way into the house, he threatens the old woman with murder, and she really dies. After that, she comes to Hermann in a dream and gives out a secret in exchange for an oath to marry her pupil. The hero does not keep his promises and wins victory after victory. But having put everything on the line, he loses the decisive game with a bang. The ambitious young man went crazy, paying for his atrocities. But before that, he poisoned the life of an innocent girl who believed his words.

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Hello everyone! I am very glad to you, my regular readers, as well as new friends!

Today, continuing the conversation about how to write a reasoning essay, let's talk about an equally important part in our work - about reasoning and arguments in a reasoning essay.

In previous articles, we have learned

Think it over, determine its optimal choice. Today we are finally starting evidence.

Arguments- this is precisely the evidence, arguments, explanations that must be provided in support of the thesis. No clear full evidence essay-reasoning will not work!

Let's remember the types of arguments

Logical (rational) arguments, or arguments - this is what reflects the logic of the human mind, i.e. real facts, theories, hypotheses, statistics, laws of nature, eyewitness accounts, experimental results, etc.

illustrative examples- these are examples from literature and from personal life or the lives of close people and acquaintances, as well as a case that could take place in life under certain conditions.

Authoritative opinion- statements of prominent people, figures of science or literature, which are perceived by everyone as AXIOMS. Proverbs and sayings as folk wisdom, the experience of the people. See how to format quotes here.

Arguments can be both "for" and "against".

Arguments “for” are direct evidence, they must be accessible, unambiguous, reflect an unbiased reality, and be based on authoritative sources.

Arguments "against" some thesis must be convincing, because you need to refute this judgment. Here you will need a certain correctness and a developed sense of tact, because. you will have to criticize authors who support a thesis with which you cannot and do not want to agree!

Phrases and turns of speech to help:

I share the indignation (rejection, admiration) of the author and I think that ...

A story comes to mind, heard (read, which happened to me...)

My opinion is confirmed by this fact ...

The optimal number of arguments in an essay is three. This will be enough, trust me! But in terms of volume, this part of the essay should be at least 2/3 of the entire text. Arrange the arguments in a specific order. Do not lay out all your “trump cards” at once! The last argument should be the strongest.

If there is no exact citation text for an argument, use indirect sentences. Thus, you will convey the general meaning of the statement and prevent errors in the use of quotations.

If you have two arguments, for example, your life experience and an example from a literary work, then first give a literary example. Describe personal experience after an authoritative opinion.

Start each argument with a new paragraph! Link paragraphs together.

• Heartlessness manifests itself even in relation to very close people.
• Greed often leads to callousness and dishonorable acts
• The spiritual callousness of a person complicates his life in society.
• The reasons for a heartless attitude towards others lie in education.
• The problem of heartlessness, spiritual callousness can be characteristic not only of an individual, but of society as a whole.
• Difficult life circumstances can make a person heartless
• Often spiritual callousness is manifested in relation to moral, worthy people.
• A man admits that he was heartless when nothing can be fixed
• Mental callousness does not make a person truly happy.
• The consequences of a callous attitude towards people are often irreversible.

Arguments

A.S. Pushkin "Dubrovsky". The conflict between Andrei Dubrovsky and Kirill Petrovich Troekurov ended tragically due to callousness and heartlessness on the part of the latter. The words spoken by Dubrovsky, although they were offensive to Troekurov, were definitely not worth the abuse, dishonest trial and death of the hero. Kirilla Petrovich did not spare his friend, although in the past they had a lot of good things in common. The landlord was driven by heartlessness, a desire for revenge, which led to the death of Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky. The consequences of what happened were terrible: officials were burned, people were left without their real master, Vladimir Dubrovsky became a robber. The manifestation of spiritual callousness of just one person made the lives of many people miserable.

A.S. Pushkin "The Queen of Spades". Act heartlessly Hermann, the main character of the work, makes the desire to get rich. To achieve his goal, he presents himself as a fan of Lizaveta, although in fact he does not have feelings for her. He gives the girl false hopes. Penetrating into the countess's house with the help of Lizaveta, Hermann asks the old woman to tell him the secret of the three cards, and after her refusal he takes out an unloaded pistol. Graphia, very frightened, dies. The late old woman comes to him a few days later and reveals the secret on the condition that Hermann does not bet more than one card per day, in the future he will not play at all and marries Lizaveta. But the hero does not expect a happy future: his heartless deeds serve as a pretext for retribution. After two wins, Hermann loses, which drives him crazy.

M. Gorky "At the bottom". Vasilisa Kostyleva does not feel any feelings for her husband, except for hatred and complete indifference. Wanting to inherit at least a small fortune, she very easily decides to persuade the thief Vaska Pepel to kill her husband. It's hard to imagine how heartless a person would have to be to come up with such a plan. The fact that Vasilisa was not married out of love does not in the least justify her act. A person must remain a person in any situation.

I.A. Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco". The theme of the death of human civilization is one of the main ones in this work. The manifestation of the spiritual degradation of people lies, among other things, in their spiritual callousness, heartlessness, indifference towards each other. The sudden death of the San Francisco Gentleman evokes not pity, but disgust. During his life, he is loved because of the money, and after death, he is heartlessly removed to the worst room so as not to spoil the reputation of the institution. A person who died in a foreign country cannot even be made a normal coffin. People have lost true spiritual values, which were replaced by a thirst for material gain.

K.G. Paustovsky "Telegram". A life full of deeds and events captivates Nastya so much that she forgets about the only person truly close to her - old mother Katerina Petrovna. The girl, receiving letters from her, is also glad that her mother is alive, but she doesn’t think about more. Even a telegram from Tikhon about the poor condition of Katerina Petrovna Nastya does not immediately read and perceive: at first she does not understand at all who she is talking about. Later, the girl realizes how heartless her attitude towards her loved one was. Nastya goes to Katerina Petrovna, but does not find her alive. She feels guilty before her mother, who loved her so much.

A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryona Dvor". Matryona is a person you rarely meet. Without thinking about herself, she never refused to help strangers, she treated everyone with kindness and sympathy. People did not answer her the same. After the tragic death of Matryona, Thaddeus thought only about how to win back part of the hut. Almost all relatives came to cry over the coffin of a woman only for duty. They did not remember Matryona during her lifetime, but after her death they began to claim the inheritance. This situation shows how callous and indifferent human souls have become.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". The heartlessness of Rodion Raskolnikov expressed his desire to test his terrible theory. Having killed the old pawnbroker, he tried to find out to whom he refers: to “trembling creatures” or “having the right”. The hero failed to maintain composure, to accept what he had done as correct, which means that absolute spiritual callousness is not characteristic of him. The spiritual resurrection of Rodion Raskolnikov confirms that a person has a chance for correction.

Y. Yakovlev “He killed my dog”. The boy, showing compassion and mercy, brings a homeless dog to his apartment. His father does not like this: the man demands to drive the animal back into the street. The hero cannot do this, because "she was already kicked out." The father, acting absolutely indifferent and indifferent, calls the dog to him and shoots him in the ear. The child cannot understand why an innocent animal was killed. Together with the dog, the father kills the child's faith in the justice of this world.

ON THE. Nekrasov "Reflections at the front door". The poem depicts the harsh reality of that time. The life of ordinary peasants and officials who spend their lives only in pleasures are contrasted. High-ranking people are heartless because they are indifferent to the problems of ordinary people. And for an ordinary person, the decision of an official of even the most insignificant issue can be a salvation.

V. Zheleznikov "Scarecrow". Lena Bessoltseva voluntarily took responsibility for a very bad deed, to which she had nothing to do. Because of this, she was forced to endure humiliation and bullying from her classmates. One of the most difficult was the test of loneliness for the girl, because it is difficult to be an outcast at any age, and even more so in childhood. The boy who had actually committed this act did not muster up the courage to confess. The two classmates who learned the truth also decided not to interfere in the situation. The indifference and heartlessness of others made a person suffer.