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Primorsky State Agricultural Academy
Institute of Economics and Business
Department of Organization
and technological
processes in the agricultural
production
COURSE WORK
Topic: Technology of production, storage and processing of corn
(hybrid Moldavian 215 SV)
Completed: student 414 gr.
Nesterova A.S.
Checked: Mitropolova L.V.
Ussuriysk
Initial data for term paper
horticulture culture corn
hybrid Moldavian 215 SV
| 1. Area, ha | 660
|
| 2. Date of sowing | 10.05
|
| 3. Cleaning date | 25.09
|
| 4. Coefficient of use of PAR by crops, % |
|
| 5. Number of plants before harvesting, pcs/m | 9
|
| 6. Weight of 1000 seeds, g | 250
|
| 7. Number of cobs per plant | 1,2
|
| 8. Average weight of the cob, g | 145
|
| 9. The mass of the rod in% of the mass of the cob | 20
|
| 10. Weight of cob with grain, g | 145
|
| 11. Soy | 33,2%
|
| 12. Corn | 33,2%
|
| 13. Potato | 16,6%
|
| 14. Winter rye | 16,6%
|
| 15. Type of soil | brown-podzolic |
| 16. Depth of the arable layer, cm | 21
|
| 17. Content in soil, mg/100NPOK O |
|
| 18. Soil nutrient utilization factor, % N P O K O |
|
| 19. Nutrient utilization rate from mineral fertilizers, %N P O K O |
|
| 20. Dose of manure per 1 ha, t | 60
|
| 21. Nutrient utilization rate from manure, %N P O K O |
|
| 22. Nitrogen phosphorus potassium fertilizers are used | sodium nitrate superphosphate granulated potassium chloride
|
| 23. Volumetric mass of soil, g/cm | 1,08
|
| 24. Predecessor | Soya |
| 25. Predominant weeds | JP |
| 26. Variety | Moldavian 215 SV |
| 27. Seeding rate, million germinating seeds, % | 0,135
|
| 28. Purity of seeds, % | 98,5
|
| 29. Laboratory seed germination, % | 91
|
| 30. Field germination of seeds, % | 71
|
| 31. Dead plants, % | 15
|
| 32. It is necessary to have plants before harvesting, thousand pieces/ha | 900
|
| 33. Waste during seed treatment,% | 25
|
| 34. Insurance fund, % | 25
|
| 35. Mass of delivered grain, t | 450
|
| 36. Weed impurity,% | 6
|
| 37. Grain admixture, % | 9
|
| 38. Grain moisture content, % | 16
|
Initial data for writing a term paper
INTRODUCTION
1. Soil and climatic conditions of the zone
2. Biological features of corn
2.1. heat requirements
2.2. Moisture Requirements
2.3. light requirements
2.4. Soil Requirements
2.5. growing season
3. Characteristics of the hybrid Odessa 158 MV
4. Calculation of potential yield
4.1. Calculation of potential yield based on the arrival of PAR
4.2. Determination of biological yield by elements of the crop structure
5. Agricultural technology of corn cultivation
5.1. Place in crop rotation
5.2. Calculation of fertilizer rates for the planned harvest and the system of their application
5.3. Tillage system
5.4. Preparing seeds for sowing
5.5. Calculation of the weight rate of sowing
5.6. sowing corn
5.7. Crop care
5.8. Field preparation and harvesting
5.9. Calculation of the seed filling fund and the area of seed plots
6. Calculation of payment for delivered grain
7. Agrotechnical part of the technological map of corn cultivation
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Introduction
Corn is one of the main crops of modern world agriculture. In terms of planted area, it ranks second in the world (after wheat). This plant is characterized by versatile use and high yield. About 20% of corn grain is used for food, about 15% for technical purposes, and about 2/3 for feed.
The grain contains carbohydrates (65-70%), protein (9-12%), fat (4-8%), mineral salts and vitamins. Flour, cereals, cereals, canned food, starch, ethyl alcohol, dextrin, beer, glucose, sugar, molasses, syrup, oil, vitamin E, ascorbic and glutamic acids are obtained from grain. Pistil columns are used in medicine. Paper, linoleum, viscose, activated carbon, artificial cork, plastic, anesthetics and much more are produced from the stems, leaves and cobs.
Corn grain is an excellent fodder. 1 kg of grain contains 1.34 fodder. units and 78 g of digestible protein. It is a valuable component of animal feed. However, corn grain protein is poor in essential amino acids (lysine and tryptophan) and rich in low-value protein in terms of feed - zein.
Corn ranks first among silage crops. Silage has good digestibility and has dietary properties. 100 kg of silage prepared from corn in the phase of milky-wax ripeness contains about 21 feeds. units and up to 1800 g of crude protein. Corn is used for green fodder, which is rich in carotene. Dry leaves, stalks and cobs remaining after harvesting for grain are used for fodder. 100 kg of corn straw contains 37, and 100 kg of ground rods contains 35 feed. units
Corn is a high yielding crop. In terms of grain yield, it surpasses other grain crops, second only to irrigated rice. In the Sinilovsky state farm of the Primorsky Territory, in 1962, the mechanized link of S. P. Epifantsev received 63 centners of grain from each of the 70 hectares. Many leading workers get a crop of 30-40 c/ha. In the Far East, corn gives high yields of silage. In the Amur Region, V.F. Derkach, a team leader from the Krasnaya Zvezda collective farm in the Soviet District, received 700 centners per hectare of green mass of corn in 1961; hectares of green mass on an area of 280 hectares, and in some areas the yield reached 1200 kg / ha. In 1962, Im Fu Siri's team from the Udarny state farm in the Sakhalin Region collected 720 centners per hectare of green mass. The average yield of green mass of corn in the Amur region. Primorye and Sakhalin - 150-200 kg / ha. .
As a tilled crop, corn is a good predecessor in crop rotation, helps to free fields from weeds, and has almost no pests and diseases in common with other crops. When cultivated for grain, it is a good predecessor of grain crops, and when cultivated for green fodder, it is an excellent fallow crop. Corn has become widespread in haymaking, stubble and re-sowing.
In the conditions of the Far East, the cultivation of corn is possible only for green fodder and silage.
The area under corn for grain and fodder in our country is 21.9 million hectares. The task is to increase the production of grain on the available area and to obtain an average of 4-5 tons of grain per 1 ha. This will be facilitated by the transition to intensive technology of cultivation of this crop.
1.
Soil and climatic conditions of the zone.
Primorye is included in the climatic region of the Far East monsoons. In summer, south and southeast winds of the Pacific monsoon dominate, carrying a large amount of moisture, in winter - continental, northern rhumbs, which are a powerful stream of cold and dry air.
The coldest month in the region is January. The average January temperature on the coast is 12-13°C, and in the Khanka and central mountain-forest regions 19-22°C. The lowest temperatures are observed in the central mountain-forest regions (-49°).
The warmest month is August. Its average monthly temperature is 18 - 20°C along the edge.
The average rainfall is 600 mm per year. More precipitation falls in the south of the region and in the coastal strip (700 - 800 mm) and less - on the Khanka Plain (500 - 550 mm).
Precipitation falls unevenly throughout the year. The bulk (up to 70%) falls on the summer period. Due to the large amount of precipitation, at this time there is often a strong waterlogging of soils, especially on flat and poorly dissected relief elements (plains). In spring and in the first half of summer, there is often a lack of moisture in the soil and plants suffer from drought.
And now I want to characterize the type of soil proposed in the term paper.
The brown-podzolic soils of Primorye are formed under oak and oak-broad-leaved forests with abundant grass cover. In the summer and summer-autumn period, they experience severe waterlogging, and in the spring - an acute lack of moisture. In this type of soil, phosphorus is at a minimum of nutrients.
Brown-podzolic soils are confined to leveled relief elements - ancient river and lake terraces or very gentle slopes. They are formed on rocks of heavy mechanical composition - ancient lacustrine clays and heavy loams, as well as on clayey eluvium and eluvium-deluvium of dense rocks. Brown-podzolic soils are the most strongly podzolized soils.
At present, these soils are mostly plowed up and are cultivated to one degree or another.
Virgin brown-podzolic soils have a humus horizon 7–10 cm thick, of an unstable cloddy structure, penetrated by small roots; the transition to the underlying horizon is sharp. The podzolic horizon has a thickness of 20–30 cm, is usually compacted, thinly layered, contains a large number of small ferruginous-manganese nodules. Sometimes this layer is broken by horizontal cracks to the full depth.
The podzolic horizon is replaced by a variegated whitish-brown (8-10 cm), below which the illuvial horizon is located.
"PLANT OF DEEP PROCESSING OF CORN FOR GLUTEN, HFS, STARCH, AND FODDER ADDITIVE WITH THE CAPACITY OF CORN PROCESSING: 500 T PER DAY STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL NPK ECOLOGIA..."
Corn oil
GFS Starch Feed additive
Corn
CORN PROCESSING PLANT
FOR GLUTEN, HFS, STARCH AND FEED ADDITIVE
CORN PROCESSING CAPACITY: 500 T PER DAY
STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL NPK ECOLOGY
PROJECT SUMMARY
FUNDING CONDITIONS FEASIBILITY AND IMPLIED
ESSENCE OF THE PROJECT
CONDITIONS OF THE BANK'S PARTICIPATION IN THE PROJECT
The GESS GROUP company proposes an investment project in the construction of a biotechnological complex for processing corn grain with an annual production volume. The project initiator plans to invest its own funds: 26,900,000 euros of production
Ro germ. to finance capital investments.
7,800 tons Gluten - 9,166 tons Starch It is assumed that the existing cash requirement, which the Rai Syrup cannot be financed by the cash flows generated by the Feed Products from the Project, will be financed 100% by debt.
25,375 tons Corn oil - 7,200 tons Lending will be carried out by a credit line in the amount of.
54,452,496 euros.
Maize processing capacity - 500 tons per day The construction will take place in one stage, due to the fact that directly The estimated rate on loans is 12% per year, the loan currency is euro.
At this site, the construction of an elevator with a one-time storage capacity of 60,000 tons is already underway.
Full repayment of the credit line occurs within 3.5 years
– – –
2 NPK ECOLOGY STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL
PROJECT SUMMARY
MARKET OF MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS
GLUTEN (TN VED 35040090) is a vegetable protein containing approximately 60% crude protein. The raw material for the planned production is corn.
Corn gluten protein contains a large amount of essential amino acids and is the best source of methionine, beta-carotene (provitamin "A"), xanthophil, threonine, tryptophan, calcium, phosphorus and sodium, and also contains a rich complex of fat- and water-soluble vitamins E, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6.
MAIN USES OF CORN GLUTEN:
Gluten is made up of the protein in corn, which is separated from the other parts of the grain (starch, fiber, and fat) during processing. Corn gluten, due to its high nutritional value and good physical characteristics, is widely used in the production of animal feed. – – –
STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL NPK ECOLOGY 3
PROJECT SUMMARY
MARKET OF MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS
GLUCOSE-FRUCTOSE SYRUP (HS 170250) belongs to the group of starch syrups. GFS is not only a full-fledged sugar substitute, but also has a number of advantages over it (allows you to reduce calories, improve consumer characteristics of the product, is better absorbed by the body, etc.). Raw starch.
The main use is to replace sugar. In addition to preserving the sweetness profile of the drink, HFS almost always improves the consumer qualities of the product - improving the aroma, taste, prolonging the shelf life of the product. Glucose-fructose syrup is a 100% sugar substitute.
GFS COST IN THE WORLD MARKET
The cost of HFS is calculated as the cost of sugar -10% Glucose-fructose syrup (HFS - 55) average price - 850 $ / t For calculations in the business plan, the cost was taken - 607 euros / t – – –
4 NPK ECOLOGY STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL
PROJECT SUMMARY
MARKET OF MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS
FODDER is a dry concentrated biomass made from cornmeal and starch milk residues. Serves as an additive in the feed of farm animals, birds and fish, due to the rich content of proteins and vitamins. COST OF FEED
The cost of a forage product is highly dependent on its quality. Quality is determined primarily by the percentage of the purest protein, the higher the protein content, the more expensive the fodder product. On the world market, the average price is 100-300 $ / t (depending on quality) For calculations in the business plan, the cost of 98 euros / t
STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL NPK ECOLOGY 5
PROJECT SUMMARY
MARKET OF MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS
CORN STARCH (HS 110812) - white powder. Application - food industry, packaging materials, paper, textiles, pharmaceutical industry.
The use of starches in the meat industry is due to the fact that very often enterprises of the industry have to process meat that has unsatisfactory functional characteristics - it has been frozen for a long time and has a low water-binding capacity (WCC), as well as meat containing a large amount of connective tissue. In addition, the market for meat products has a very large share of economy class products, for the production of which starch is one of the most indispensable ingredients, since the cost of starch is 3-3.5 times lower than beef of the 2nd grade and 2 times lower than soybean isolate. The use of starch is most effective in the technology of low-grade sausages, to bind free moisture released after heating, but it is limited to 10% by weight of raw materials. Starches in their technological functions play the role of a stabilizer, thickener and filler. They do not have an emulsifying ability, but have a pronounced BCC, which manifests itself as a result of heat treatment during the development of the gelatinization process.
PRICE
On the world market, the average price is 500-650 $/t – – –
6 NPK ECOLOGY STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL
PROJECT SUMMARY
MARKET OF MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS
CORN OIL () is a fatty vegetable oil obtained from corn seeds. It is used to prepare various doughs, bakery products, sauces, and is used in the manufacture of food for children. The relatively high smoke point temperature makes corn oil suitable for frying. In medicine, it is used as an anti-sclerotic agent. PRICE
In the world market, the average price is 1600-1700 $/t. For calculations in the business plan, the cost was assumed to be 700 euros/t. WORLD MARKET of vegetable oils by 2011 amounted to 140 million tons. The market for corn oil in 2007 was 2.2 million tons, with an average annual growth rate of 3%. – – –
STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL NPK ECOLOGY 7
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
BACKGROUND TO THE CREATION OF THE PROJECT
– – –
The growth in corn production will ensure relatively cheap raw materials and the competitiveness of final processing products with similar products from China, Europe and the USA. These countries will not be able to provide price competition or dumping without damaging the nutrition of the population due to the lack of fertile land.
8 NPK ECOLOGY STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
COMPLIANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE BANK
The project is of great financial, social, scientific and state significance. The biotechnological complex will produce the following products: feed additive, gluten, starch and HPS.
The proposed production will eliminate the dependence of Ukrainian consumers on imports, as well as start exporting these products.
The project is a unique biotech enterprise that has no analogues in Ukraine.
The planned biotechnology complex will be the beginning of the restoration of Ukraine's biotechnology industry, which in the recent past was one of the best in the world.
The implementation of the Project corresponds to the main directions of the bank's investment activities.
Support and development of the agro-industrial complex.
Import substitution The entire range of products is currently imported.
Creating a positive effect for the economy and society The introduction of Ukrainian-made glucose-fructose syrup into the production technology of sweeteners instead of currently used sugar will reduce the cost of products due to lower prices and ease of use.
The project will give a new impetus to the development of biotechnology in Ukraine.
The emergence of new jobs, as well as the level of wages above the average, contribute to the alignment of economic development.
Increasing tax revenues.
JUSTIFICATION OF THE POSITIVE EFFECT FOR SOCIETY AND THE ECONOMY OF UKRAINE:
Elimination of shortages for individual manufactured products.
Import substitution of most of the manufactured products.
Creation of 206 new jobs. The personnel of the plant is supposed to be recruited from nearby settlements.
In addition to direct employees, service organizations are involved in the work of the plant: suppliers of raw materials, energy companies, transport companies, etc.;
Increase in domestic consumption of corn due to its deep processing.
Ability to export individual products.
Increasing revenues to the regional and federal budgets Stimulating the market for corn production.
STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL NPK ECOLOGY 9
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
– – –
10 NPK ECOLOGY STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL
ORGANIZATIONAL PLAN FOR PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
MAIN STAGES OF PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
The project is being implemented in one phase of construction. The construction of power supply systems, the main production building, and auxiliary facilities will be carried out in parallel.
Development of project documentation Design and estimate documentation is prepared immediately in full for passing the examination and signing the loan agreement.
Construction of the plant To start construction work, it is necessary to provide the site with electricity with a total connected power of 2 MW, for which it is necessary to install a transformer substation according to a temporary power supply scheme, which will be included in a permanent single-line scheme when the plant is launched.
All subsequent engineering infrastructure facilities should be put into operation simultaneously with the commissioning of the plant, and their construction is envisaged in parallel with the construction of factory workshops.
STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL NPK ECOLOGY 11
PRODUCTION PLAN
GENERAL SCHEME OF DESIGNED PRODUCTION
12 NPK ECOLOGY STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL
PRODUCTION PLAN
PRODUCTION SCHEME
STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL NPK ECOLOGY 13
PRODUCTION PLAN
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
– – –
14 NPK ECOLOGY STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL
PRODUCTION PLAN
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
Grinding and Germ Extraction The soaked corn conveying hydraulic system is equipped with a stone catcher (hydrocyclone) to separate stones that may have passed after cleaning. The soaked corn is then fed by gravity to a grate that separates the soaked corn from the transport water. The transport water is returned back to the hydraulic transport system. The soaked corn flows by gravity into the tank that feeds the first grinder. The first grinding mill is a single disc (gear) mill. It is designed to crush the corn kernel, release the starch and extract the corn germ without damaging it.
The starch increases the density of the liquid to about 7 B. In fact, the corn produces its own heavy medium to allow the germ to separate.
The separation of the embryo from other components is carried out in a two-stage hydrocyclone system, where each stage has two passes. The first run produces a "quality reduction", selectively separating the product to achieve optimal purity, and the second run performs a quantitative reduction, collecting all particles for re-inspection in run #1.
A second grinding mill of the same type as the first grinding mill is placed between these two stages in order to crush the grains passed through the first mill. To reduce the load on this mill, a fed gravity grate is installed in front of it to provide a bypass for the starch milk.
The two stages of hydrocyclones are identical. Each stage includes nucleation cyclones in the first pass allowing a 4/1 bottom/upper run separation and nucleation cyclones in the second run separating the bottom and top runs in a 7/3 ratio.
The separated germ/starch slurry exits the system at the top exit of the first pass. Germ washing and starch extraction is carried out in a germ washing system consisting of three gravity-fed grate sieves. Wash water (process water) is added in front of the third sieve and pumped countercurrent to the seed flow.
The washed embryo is then dehydrated in a screw press to a DM content of 50% and dried in a rotary dryer to a moisture content of 3%. The embryo will contain about 50% fat, which is extracted by extrusion by a press (in small industries) or by solvent extraction.
B-Measurement for Density The germ-free slurry leaves the system at the bottom exit of the fourth pass with a density of about 14 B and is pumped to starch recovery.
For the complete extraction of the embryo, it is very important that the density of the suspension in the tanks feeding the stages of the hydrocyclones is maintained with accuracy.
Extraction of starch / washing of the pulp Before the pulp can be removed, it must be further milled to release the starch contained in the unground parts of the grains. This is produced in the third mill. To reduce the load on this mill, a pressure-fed grate, the main starch screen, is installed in front of it. The filtrate from the sieve contains free starch, 40-50% of the total starch content in corn. He bypasses the third mill and sieves for washing the pulp.
The main sieve for starch extraction is equipped with 50 micron sieves.
The refiner mill can be of several types: (gear) single disc mill, (gear) double disc rotary mill or clamshell mill. The work of the refiner mill is quite intense, since part of the material being ground is keratinized endosperm, the hardest part of the grain.
The function of this mill is to reduce the particle size to liberate the starch without reducing the pulp size and to grind the starch to separate it from the gluten.
STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL NPK ECOLOGY 15
PRODUCTION PLAN
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION
The milled material is pumped to a six- or seven-stage starch washing system. The purpose of this system is to wash free starch from the pulp. This is done in a six- or seven-stage countercurrent washing system using pressurized grate screens. The first sieve uses sieves with a mesh size of 50 microns, and the remaining stages use sieves with a mesh size of 75 microns. The extracted starch - the filtrate of the first stage - flows by gravity into the starch milk tank, where starch is collected from the main starch extraction sieve, from the pulp washing system and from the sand removal system.
Prior to being transported to the starch/gluten separation operation, the starch milk is de-sanded in a two-stage de-sanding station. The sand removal operation is necessary because materials such as sand, dust, pipe deposits, etc. become very abrasive under the high gravitational accelerations they are subjected to in rapidly rotating equipment such as centrifuges and separators. The first stage consists of a series of sand collector cyclones and the second stage consists of one sand cyclone with a burr collector.
The pulp discharged from the last stage is pre-dehydrated in an additional pressurized grate or screening centrifuge and then dewatered in a screw press to approximately 43% DM.
After dehydration, the pulp is mixed with a concentrated extract from the evaporator. This mixture - feed gluten - is dried in a rotary tube dryer to a moisture content of 12%. Feed gluten is a livestock feed with a protein content of approximately 21%.
Starch/Gluten Separation / Starch Wash The process steps described above can be found in virtually all wet milling maize processes, from very small to large scale plants. The only thing that distinguishes them from each other is the size of the equipment.
However, the flowsheet of the starch/gluten separation process can vary dramatically depending on the throughput of the plant.
Separation of starch and gluten (Four-stage system) The maximum concentration of ground starch coming from the extraction / pulp washing section is achieved when both the intermediate separator and the grinding flow thickener are used in the same process. The system is called the "Four Stage System". The four-stage system is used exclusively for high-capacity production.
The maximum capacity of a four-stage system based on 4 separators, Merko type, is:
Merco CH 30 MST + CH 30 PS + CH 30 GT + CH 30 CL max. 550 tons per day Plants with a capacity of over 1200 tons per day will be equipped with several systems installed in parallel in different centrifugation stations.
16 NPK ECOLOGY STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL
SCHEME OF PLACEMENT OF OBJECTS ON THE SITE
– – –
STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL NPK ECOLOGIA 17
PROJECT FINANCING PLAN
PROJECT FINANCING
– – –
STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL NPK ECOLOGIA 19
MAIN INDICATORS OF THE PROJECT
– – –
Total investment cost effectiveness Net present value (NPV) EUR 20,223,447 Discounted payback period (PBP) 8.12 years Internal rate of return (IRR) 19.2% (nominal - adjusted for inflation) Discounted cost return (PI) 132% % Efficiency for equity Net present value (NPV) EUR 20,684,807 Discounted payback period (PBP) 8.07 years Internal rate of return (IRR) 22.7% (nominal - adjusted for inflation) Rate of return on discounted costs (PI) 186 % times Efficiency for the bank Discounted payback period (PBP) 6.04 years Internal rate of return (IRR) 36.8% (nominal - adjusted for inflation) 20 NPK ENVIRONMENT STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL
Corn is one of the most popular crops. It is boiled, canned, frozen, dried. In Russia, corn is grown not so long ago, but even now the country can boast of the name of one of the largest exporters and importers of such grain. That's just the quality of raw materials sometimes lame. Indeed, not every landowner has primary equipment for processing raw materials, which allows further processing enterprises to lose almost a third of the volume of purchased corn.
The own organization of the business for processing and growing crops will allow minimizing the risks. Thus, although the business will entail large investments, it will allow minimizing risks and creating a successful business.
Lease of land for growing corn. It is most favorable to grow a solar crop in the Krasnodar Territory, the Rostov Region, the Stavropol Territory, the Belgorod and Voronezh Regions. After all, the plant is not only thermophilic, but also requires a twelve-hour sunny day. Chernozem is suitable for cultivation.
The best lands for rent are the predecessors of legumes, pumpkin, nightshade. The cost of renting land in different regions can vary significantly and depend on the soil, roads, availability of irrigation, proximity to settlements. So, rent can cost from $25 to $250 per hectare. Plus, it will be necessary to pay for plowing the field separately. This is another $30-50 for each hectare. In total, the rental cost of the season of 5-7 hectares of the field will be estimated at $350 to $4.35 thousand.
Item for grain processing.
The best option for organizing a point is an elevator. Almost every city has one, and the cost of renting it is very low. Such a room most often requires repair and in most cases it must be capital. But, corn processing belongs to the food industry and it is important to create sanitary conditions, fire safety, cleanliness and order.
It is important that the room is subjected to sufficient lighting, ventilation, all communications are present. Renting such an elevator can cost as little as $100, depending on its condition and the further investment required. Additionally, do not forget about monthly utilities. A room of 300-400 square meters will cost the entrepreneur in the amount of $ 800-1 thousand. Moreover, the lion's share of monthly investments will be drawn by utilities. Equipment. For growing corn, they buy the following equipment: 1. Corn seeder - from $10,000 to $30,000;
2. Multi-cultivator - about $ 1 thousand;
3. Furrow device - about $1.5 thousand;
4. Spraying machine - $800. To process corn, you need to buy a batch of the following equipment: 1. Stationary sectional dryer (with a capacity of at least 40 tons of culture per day of work) - from $ 20 thousand;
2. Machine for preliminary cleaning of grain (40-50 tons per hour) - from $10 thousand;
3. Secondary grain cleaning machine (16-20 tons per hour) - from $20,000;
4. Pneumatic separator for cleaning seeds of major crops from hard-to-separate impurities (3-10 tons per hour) - $5-15 thousand;
5. Grain conditioner (3-7 tons per hour) - $5-7 thousand;
6. A device with a fan and a dust removal system - $ 4 thousand. Equipment for growing corn can also be rented for the season or you can invite personnel with equipment to work in order to save on initial investment. So, the purchase of a full cycle of equipment for creating a business for processing and growing corn will cost $ 97-120 thousand. Raw material. To create a silo conveyor system, early-ripening and mid-ripening hybrids are grown, which are sown in two or three terms, according to the principle of 40 to 60, in order to achieve a continuous harvest throughout the season. About 52 thousand plants can grow on one hectare of land. This is 4 grains per linear meter.
In general, 20 kg of seeds are bought for sowing one hectare, the total cost is about $1,000. It is necessary to fertilize the land for planting corn in the fall; for this, superphosphate compost and manure are bought. Potash and nitrogen fertilizers are suitable for spring fertilizer. It is possible to increase corn resistance to drought by using raw materials based on zinc and molybdenum as a microfertilizer. In case of a high probability of weed contamination, the following herbicides are used: Frontier Optima (0.8-1.2 l/ha), Merlin (0.1-0.16 kg/ha), Stomp (3-6 l/ha). In total, at least $10,000 is being prepared for the purchase of all fertilizers and corn seeds themselves. Staff. Separately, you will have to recruit staff for the corn growing season. This is a group of 15-20 people, part of the cob pickers and 2-3 drivers for agricultural machinery. One worker can pick about 2.5 thousand cobs per day. Separately, a staff will be created for the corn processing zone. In addition to operators, loaders, handymen, drivers, a quality technologist, an accountant, and an administrator are also needed. In total, about $8,000 will need to be invested to pay workers. Marketing. A special business requires publicity in a narrow circle. And it is better to start with the Internet and specialized literature. This is how a website is created in the network and a number of offers are formed on other available resources. An agricultural company may give the right to place an advertisement about its enterprise. Also, meetings and personal agreements will not be superfluous. You can hire sales managers. You can create word of mouth about your company by participating in agricultural exhibitions, seminars, and gatherings.
List of costs. The main costs of the corn growing and processing business will include: 1. Land rent - $350-4.35 thousand;
2. Rent of premises - 800-1 thousand $;
3. Equipment - 97-120 thousand $;
4. Raw materials - 10 thousand $;
5. Staff - about $8 thousand;
6. Marketing - $400.
In total, to start a business, you need an amount from $120,000 to $130,000.
Profit and payback. The business of growing and processing corn gives a profitability of 800%. So, when sowing 50 thousand seeds per hectare of the field, about 56 centners of corn and more than 200 centners of green mass are obtained. Accordingly, the income per hectare will be from $20,000. If corn is sown in stages, different types of varieties, then 1 hectare can be obtained three times more. At the end of the season, you can get your hands on about $420,000. Payback will come in the first season.
Consumers and development.
The next stage in the route of processed corn will be the food industry, wholesale depots, livestock and poultry farms. And it is they who need to offer raw materials. An option for development may be the opening of our own complex for the further processing of corn.
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