Word formation as a source of speech wealth. Grammatical resources of speech wealth "Culture of speech culture of communication"

Purity

This communicative quality characterizes speech on the basis of its correlation with the requirements of morality and aesthetics. Speech is pure, in which there are no elements that are alien to the literary language for moral and aesthetic reasons. The impurity of speech, its contamination arises primarily through the use of vulgarisms - reduced, rude words and expressions, including swear words. Swear words, rude intonation offend the moral sense of a person, a group of people, society as a whole, humiliate the dignity of an addressee who does not understand this. Researchers do not deny the psychobiological justification for the existence of such vocabulary in the language, but it should remain a purely extreme and individual linguistic means of relieving negative emotions. Going out "to the public", becoming a familiar social phenomenon, vulgarism clogs speech, fills communication with disdain and hostility. Even if swearing is used out of habit, without the intention of humiliating or insulting someone, it will still be regarded as a negative social and linguistic phenomenon.

The richness of speech is a communicative quality that determines the ratio of speech and language competence of the speaker: the number and variety of language means that are in use by the individual. Distinguish between the richness of language and the richness of speech. The richness of a language is the diversity of units at all levels of the language. Most of them are collected in dictionaries. There are explanatory, word-building, phraseological dictionaries, dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, foreign words, etc. For example, the lexical richness of the Russian language is reflected in the "Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language" in 17 volumes and consists of more than 120 thousand words. Vocabulary among other levels of the language has the most developed and multi-layered structure. The variety of lexical units and their correlation is reflected in the following scheme.

Types of lexical units depending on

The grammatical richness of the Russian language is provided by the variety and variety of morphological and syntactic means. Morphological means are represented by parts of speech, the grammatical categories of which (gender, number, case, tense, inclination, form, etc.) allow expressing various meaning relationships, giving the utterance the necessary stylistic and emotionally expressive coloring. The syntactic richness of the Russian language lies in the variety of syntactic constructions that serve to communicate people. This is a phrase, a simple sentence, a complex sentence.

Wide opportunities for enriching the language are contained in word formation. As a result of various processes, new words are formed, this is one of the most important ways to replenish vocabulary. The use of different word-formation methods allows one and the same root to form words of those parts of speech and with those shades of meaning that can most accurately express a thought, feeling or state. For example, read - reader - reading.

The phonetic richness of the Russian language helps to reflect the sound image of many phenomena and actions, their tempo or rhythm. These are the sounds of words whistle, slow, splash etc. The sound richness of Russian speech is used by poets to create appropriate images: Noise, noise obedient sail, worry under me, gloomy ocean!(A.S. Pushkin) - the repetition of hissing and whistling sounds conveys the noise of waves, wind and sails.

The richness of language is the basis for the richness of speech. The richness of the speech of each native speaker is the result of the development of linguistic wealth, the fruit of purposeful work on improving one's own speech. For example, A.S. Pushkin used more than 21 thousand words in his works and letters (in the analysis, repeated words were taken as one), and he used half of these words one or two times. For comparison: the active vocabulary of a modern person does not exceed 7-9 thousand words (some researchers today give a lower figure: 2-3 thousand).

Speech wealth in general is a broader and more capacious concept than linguistic wealth. Speech richness is understood as intonation, semantic, stylistic, genre, thematic, etc. richness, that is, speech richness is associated with all speech parameters.

The very first criterion for the richness and poverty of speech is the number of words that we use. Pushkin, for example, had more than 20 thousand words in circulation, and the well-known heroine of Ilf and Petrov, Ellochka Shchukina, easily and freely managed thirty.

So the active vocabulary of a person may turn out to be in complete discordance with the lexical richness of the Russian language.

The Russian language has a huge number of words. In one of the most interesting Russian dictionaries, the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, compiled back in the middle of the last century by V.I. Dahlem, collected 250 thousand words. And how many more words came into our language after that time!

But the richness of a language is judged not only by the number of words. It is also important that many of them have not one, but several meanings, that is, they are multivalued. The ambiguity of vocabulary is an inexhaustible source of its renewal, unusual, unexpected rethinking of the word. Polysemy and homonymy are sources not only of the richness of speech, but their correct use is an indicator of accurate, clear speech, which we discussed in the previous topic.

A special layer of speech wealth forms phraseological wealth (it can also be considered as an integral part of lexical wealth).

The richer the phraseological stock of a person, the brighter, more figurative and diverse his speech. To the phraseological stock, we very conditionally also include catchwords and expressions, proverbs, sayings.

Phraseological units are stable, lexically indivisible phrases. The most important feature of phraseological units is their reproducibility in the text. They are not born in the process of speech, but are used in the form in which they are fixed in the language. They are complex in composition and are formed by combining several components. (For example: get into trouble; upside down.)

Many phraseological units are equivalent to one word: to spread with the mind - to think; the cat cried - not enough, etc.

Most phraseological units are characterized by a constant composition and a stable word order. For example, you cannot swap words in the following phraseological units: neither light nor dawn; beaten unbeaten lucky; everything flows, everything changes, etc.

But some phraseological units have options: a whipping boy - a whipping girl.

What are the sources of phraseology and linguistic aphorisms?

Some phraseological units go back to the myths of the ancient world: for example, the thread of Ariadne goes back to the myth of the hero Theseus and the princess Ariadne, who gave her lover a ball, as a result of which he was able to safely get out of the labyrinth, after tying the thread to the exit.

Many phraseological units are biblical in origin, i.e. came from the Bible and other holy books of Christianity. For example, the expression slaughter of babies is based on the story of King Herod, who ordered the destruction of all babies born around the same time as Jesus Christ in order to kill the latter. Other expressions passed from the Bible into our speech: “our daily bread”, “Sodom and Gomorrah”, “man does not live by bread alone”, “their name is legion”, “hell hell” (darkness), “fire hell”, "Babylonian pandemonium", "blessed are the poor in spirit", "salt of the earth", "manna from heaven", "Egyptian darkness".

In Russian speech, "winged expressions" from fiction are often used.

For example, “and the casket just opened”, “a helpful fool is more dangerous than the enemy” (from the fables of I.A. Krylov), “deeds of bygone days, legends of deep antiquity”, “dreams, dreams, where is your sweetness?” (A.S. Pushkin), “twenty-two misfortunes” (from A.P. Chekhov’s play “The Cherry Orchard”), “bungling with a burglary” (from the novel by I. Ilf and E. Petrov “The Golden Calf”), “man - it sounds proud" (M. Gorky), "the silent ones are blissful in the world", "I would be glad to serve, it's sickening to serve", "they don't watch happy hours", "and who are the judges?" (A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit").

A number of phraseological units are based on historical Russian facts. For example, shouting in all Ivanovo - in Moscow, near the bell tower of Ivan the Great, royal decrees were loudly announced. Putting a case on the back burner - “postponing any business for a long time” - goes back to a real fact: in the village of Kolomenskoye, during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, a long stone box was made where everyone could put complaints that had not been considered for a long time.

Some of the phraseological units are connected with the life, life and professional activities of Russian people: to take out dirty linen from the hut, smoke with a yoke, shoe a sled (from peasants), give up the ends, a fair wind (from sailors), tear and throw (from tailors), beat the buckets - " mess around" (from spoon makers: buckwheats are blanks for spoons, their manufacture was not difficult and skillful), pull the gimp - "do something very slowly" (from seamstresses: gimp - a thin metal thread for embroidery), pull the strap - “do hard tedious work” (from the speech of barge haulers), absolute zero (from physicists), bring to a common denominator (from mathematicians), play first violin (from musicians), bring to white heat (from steel workers), play a role (from actors).

Some phraseological units came into popular speech from jargons and slang, for example: hang noodles on your ears - “deceive”, play in a box, discard skates - “die”.

Proverbs and sayings adjoin phraseological units, for example: they count chickens in the fall, you like to ride - love and carry sleds, you can’t count women’s whims, the language will bring to Kiev, the word is silver, silence is gold, where the court is there it’s not true, don’t swarm to someone else a hole - you yourself will fall into it.

Some of the phraseological units came from other languages, for example: to be or not to be (from English, the tragedy of W. Shakespeare "Hamlet"), the guard dies, but does not give up (from French), that's where the dog is buried (from German), how in God’s bosom (from the Polish language), etc. A special place is occupied by winged words and expressions that have come from the Latin language, and they are used both in Russian and directly in Latin, for example: Ars longa, vita brevis est - “life short, art is eternal ", and some only in Latin: Alma mater (Alma Mater) -" Nursing Mother ".

Phraseological phrases form a number of stylistic synonyms, for example, stable combinations with the meaning "to die": throw back slippers, give oak, leave this vale, order to live long, give your soul to God, give a dubar, go to the grave, stretch your legs, go to the forefathers.

Phraseologisms are used in all styles of the Russian language, but they perform different functions. In colloquial, newspaper-journalistic and fiction speech, emotional-expressive phraseological units are most often used, in scientific and official business speech - interstyle ones. Often, journalists and writers play with well-known stable combinations in their own way.

The richness of speech can also be judged by the way we use the synonyms of our native language. Synonyms are words that have the same meaning and often differ in additional semantic shades or stylistic coloring. There are few completely unambiguous words in the Russian language: linguistics - linguistics, here - here, during - in continuation, etc. More common are synonyms that have different semantic and stylistic shades. For example, let's compare the meanings and stylistic coloring of synonyms in such excerpts from works of art: And I will go, I will go again, I will go to wander in dense forests, wander along the steppe road (Polonsky); And I will go to stagger - I will never fall asleep now (Lermontov); And the country of birch chintz will not lure you to wander around barefoot! (Yesenin).

All these synonyms have the general meaning of “walking without a specific goal”, but they differ in semantic nuances: the word wander has the additional meaning “to stray, lose the way”, the word stagger has a connotation of “walk without doing anything”, the verb wander emphasizes disobedience, disobedience. In addition, the given synonyms also differ in stylistic coloring: to wander is a stylistically neutral word, to wander has a more bookish coloring, to stagger and wander around are colloquial, and the latter is rude.

The Russian language is rich in synonyms. In any synonymous dictionary you will see two or three or even ten synonymous words, which determines the more expressive possibilities of Russian vocabulary. Moreover, the synonymic riches of the Russian language do not facilitate, but complicate the writing work, because the more words that are close in meaning, the more difficult it is in each case to choose the only, most accurate one that will be the best in the context. The “torments of the word” of poets usually consist in the search for an elusive, elusive synonym.

Without mastering the synonymic riches of the native language, it is impossible to make your speech expressive, vivid. The poverty of the dictionary leads to the frequent repetition of words, tautologies, the use of words without taking into account the shades of their meaning.

A special place in the Russian language is occupied by antonyms - words that are opposite in meaning, for example: good - bad, true - false.

The existence of antonyms in the language is due to the nature of our perception of reality in all its contradictory complexity. Therefore, contrasting words, as well as the concepts they denote, are not only opposed, but also closely related to each other: the word good evokes the word evil in our minds, reminds us of the word close, speed up - slow down.

The use of antonyms underlies a variety of stylistic devices. Antonymy attaches special significance to objects and concepts: "War and Peace", "Days and Nights", "The Living and the Dead".

Antonyms are constantly used in antithesis - a stylistic device consisting in a sharp opposition of concepts, positions, images, states. We find an example of a classical antithesis in Nekrasov: You are poor, you are rich, you are powerful, you are powerless, Mother Rus'.

The phenomenon of antonymy is also used in oxymoron. This stylistic device consists in creating a new concept by combining words that are contrasting in meaning: “The beginning of the end”; "Bad Good Man". These oxymorons are based on the clash of ordinary antonyms, but more often in such cases, words are used that are combined as definitive and definitive: "The living corpse."

Truly "poverty with wealth": having the opportunity to use in speech such expressive means of the native language as synonymy, antonymy, we often do not own the word.

Even more difficulties arise when using single-root words that are similar in sound, but do not match in meaning, that is, paronyms, for example: recognize - recognize, dress - put on, signature - painting. Their sound proximity and similarity in meanings are explained by the fact that they have the same morphological root. There are paronyms that have different prefixes (typos - prints); paronyms that differ in suffixes (creature - essence); paronyms, one of which has a non-derivative basis, and the other has a derivative (growth - age, brake - inhibition).

Paronyms are somewhat similar to synonyms: both are close in meaning. However, the discrepancy in the meaning of paronyms is usually so obvious that it is impossible to replace one word with another (Table 5).

Table 5. Lexical meanings of paronyms

Thinking about the richness of the Russian language, one should not lose sight of the stylistics of parts of speech, the stylistic possibilities of word formation, and syntax.

The Russian language stands out among other languages ​​with a wealth of derivational suffixes. Compare: house - house - house - house - domina; brother - brother - brother - brother; hand - hands - handle - hand - hand. Some sound affectionate, others - dismissively, ironically; in some words, a positive assessment of objects is reflected (girl, old man, old woman), in others - negative (girl, old man, old man).

Suffixes create the richest opportunities for variation when using not only nouns and adjectives, but also other parts of speech. For example: a thousand, a billion, a bit too much, a little, a little table, in a row, a long time ago, squatting, no one, lullabies, lullabies, ohohonyushki, netushki, thank you, etc.

For the verb, even greater opportunities are the formation of new words with the help of prefixes, for example: run - run, run, run away, drive away, leave, laugh, earn extra money, grab, hold on, etc. Prefixes create a special expressiveness of verbs, indicating a high degree of intensity of action or on various shades of its manifestation (exhaustion, limitation, etc.) and giving the words a reduced, colloquial coloring.

The use of the expressive possibilities of Russian word formation in the works of our best writers was due both to the peculiarities of their style and to specific artistic tasks.

However, oddly enough, our speech is spoiled by the unmotivated use of "affectionate" words. Imagine an athletic young man who complains: Head hurts, twisted leg, chasing the ball on the football field; I'm limping a little. Wouldn't he find it funny?

Some people have a bad habit of making their speech "too polite":

Two tickets, please!

Be kind, serve two salads and two sausages!

Give me a certificate, please!

In everyday speech, and even more so in public speeches, diminutive words should not be abused: they will only demonstrate your ignorance of the laws of eloquence.

The richness of Russian syntax can be judged by the many options for expressing the same thought. For example, such an emotional statement: A teacher must teach! It is stylistically colored, because the tautological combination and intonation (in oral speech) give this sentence a special expressiveness. However, it can be strengthened by choosing more emotional syntactic constructions:

1. The duty of a teacher is to teach...

2. The teacher must be u-chi-te-lem.

3. The teacher must teach.

4. You are a teacher - and be a teacher.

5. You are a teacher - you teach!

6. What should a teacher do, how not to teach!

7. Who should teach if not a teacher?!

All of them express the speaker's attitude to the content of the phrase: the degree of their intensity increases from the first sentence to the next. Examples 1-3 can be used in book styles; in sentences 4–7, a vivid expression stands out, giving them an emphatically conversational character.

Russian syntax provides us with a variety of constructions: one-part and two-part sentences, complete and incomplete, simple and complex, exclamatory and interrogative, etc. They must be used skillfully and appropriately in speech. And then it will be bright, rich.

Questions for self-control:

1. Sources of replenishment of speech wealth.

2. Phraseological stock - an indicator of the figurativeness and diversity of human speech.

3. Stylistic possibilities of derivational elements of the language.

Lexico-phraseological and semantic richness of speech

The richness of any language is evidenced primarily by its vocabulary. It is known that the 17-volume Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language includes 120,480 words. But it does not reflect the entire vocabulary of the national language.

The more lexemes the speaker (writer) owns, the freer, fuller and more accurately he can express his thoughts and feelings, while avoiding unnecessary, stylistically unmotivated repetitions. The vocabulary of an individual depends on a number of reasons (the level of his general culture, education, profession, age, etc.), so it is not a constant value for any native speaker. However, the richness of language and speech is determined not only and even not so much by the quantitative indicators of the vocabulary, but by the semantic richness of the dictionary, the wide branching of the meanings of words. About 80% of words in Russian have many meanings; moreover, as a rule, these are the most active, frequent words in speech. The assimilation of new words contributes to the enrichment of speech. Phraseological combinations have their own, special meaning, which is not derived from the sum of the meanings of their constituent components, for example: the cat cried - ‘little’,. Phraseologisms can be ambiguous. Phraseological units of the Russian language are diverse in terms of expressed meanings and stylistic role, they are an important source of speech wealth.

Word formation as a source of speech wealth

The dictionary of the Russian language, as you know, is enriched primarily through word formation. The rich word-formation capabilities of the language allow you to create a huge number of derivative words according to ready-made models. For example, in the Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language (M., 1985), about 3,000 words are given with a prefix alone. As a result of word-formation processes in the language, large lexical nests arise, sometimes including several dozen words. For example, a nest with a root is empty-: empty, empty, empty. Word-building affixes introduce various semantic and emotional shades into words. The suffixes of subjective evaluation in Russian are diverse: they give words shades of endearment, pejorativeness, disdain, irony, sarcasm, familiarity, contempt, etc. The ability to use the word-formation capabilities of the language significantly enriches speech, allows you to create lexical and semantic neologisms, including individual author's ones.

Grammatical resources of speech wealth

The main sources of richness of speech at the morphological level are the synonymy and variance of grammatical forms, as well as the possibility of using them in a figurative sense. These include:

1) variability of case forms of nouns: a piece of cheese - a piece of cheese, to be on vacation - to be on vacation, characterized by different stylistic coloring (neutral or bookish, on the one hand, colloquial - on the other);

2) synonymous case constructions that differ in semantic shades and stylistic connotations: buy for me - buy for me, bring to my brother - bring for my brother,

3) synonymy of short and full forms of adjectives with semantic, stylistic and grammatical differences: the bear is clumsy - the bear is clumsy,

4) synonymy of forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives: lower - lower, smarter - smarter, 5) synonymy of adjectives and forms of indirect cases of nouns: laboratory equipment - laboratory equipment, Yesenin's poems - Yesenin's poems;

6) variance in combinations of numerals with nouns: three students - three students. synonymy of pronouns (for example, anyone - everyone - any)

8) the possibility of using one form of number in the meaning of another, some pronouns or verb forms in the meaning of others, i.e. grammatico-semantic transfers, in which additional semantic shades and expressive coloring usually appear. For example, the use of the pronoun we in the meaning of you or you to express sympathy, empathy: Here we (you, you) have already stopped crying;

Rich opportunities to diversify speech are provided by the syntax of the Russian language with its unusually developed synonymy and variance, a system of parallel constructions, and an almost free word order. Syntactic synonyms, parallel turns of speech that have a common grammatical meaning, but differ in semantic or stylistic nuances, in many cases can be interchanged, which makes it possible to express the same idea by various linguistic means. Compare, for example: She is sad - She is sad.

Synonymous and parallel syntactic constructions allow, firstly, to convey the necessary semantic and stylistic shades, and secondly, to diversify the verbal means of expression. However, in an effort to avoid syntactic monotony, one should not forget the semantic and stylistic differences between such constructions.

The same sentence in speech can acquire different semantic and stylistic shades depending on the word order. Thanks to all sorts of permutations, you can create several versions of one sentence. Therefore, word order is also one of the sources of speech richness.

To give the same syntactic construction a variety of shades, in addition to word order, intonation helps. With the help of intonation, you can convey many semantic shades, give speech one or another emotional coloring.

Intonation has the ability to "express incompatible in one context the semantic differences of sentences with the same syntactic structure and lexical composition: What is her voice?" the ability to use the variety of stylistic possibilities of the language, its synonymous means, the ability to express the most complex and subtle shades of thoughts in various ways.

12. Expressiveness of speech and its basic conditions.

The expressiveness of speech is understood as such features of its structure that make it possible to enhance the impression of what is said (written), to arouse and maintain the attention and interest of the addressee, to influence not only his mind, but also feelings, imagination.

The expressiveness of speech depends on many reasons and conditions - proper linguistic and extralinguistic.

One of the main conditions of expressiveness is the independence of thinking of the author of the speech, which implies a deep and comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the subject of the message. Knowledge extracted from any sources must be mastered, processed, deeply comprehended. This gives the speaker (writer) confidence, makes his speech convincing, effective. If the author does not properly think over the content of his statement, does not comprehend the issues that he will present, his thinking cannot be independent, and his speech cannot be expressive.

To a large extent, the expressiveness of speech also depends on the attitude of the author to the content of the statement. The inner conviction of the speaker (writer) in the significance of the statement, interest, indifference to its content gives speech (especially oral) emotional coloring. An indifferent attitude to the content of the statement leads to a dispassionate presentation of the truth, which cannot affect the feelings of the addressee.

In direct communication, the relationship between the speaker and the listener is also essential, the psychological contact between them, which arises primarily on the basis of joint mental activity: the first - setting out the topic of his message, the second - following the development of his thoughts. In establishing psychological contact, it is important to relate to the subject of speech of both the speaker and the listener, their interest, indifference to the content of the statement.

The expressiveness of speech also implies the ability to convey knowledge to the addressee, to arouse his interest and attention. This is achieved by careful and skillful selection of language means, taking into account the conditions and tasks of communication, which in turn requires a good knowledge of the language, its expressive capabilities and features of functional styles.

One of the prerequisites for speech expressiveness is skills that allow you to easily choose the language tools you need in a particular act of communication. Such skills are developed as a result of systematic and conscious training. The means of training speech skills is attentive reading of exemplary texts (fiction, journalistic, scientific), close interest in their language and style, attentive attitude to the speech of people who can speak expressively, as well as self-control (the ability to control and analyze one’s speech from the point of view of its expressiveness). ).

Speech expressiveness also depends on the conscious intention to achieve it, on the author's target setting for it.

The expressive means of language usually include tropes (figurative use of language units) and stylistic figures, calling them figurative and expressive means. However, the expressive possibilities of the language are not limited to this; in speech, any unit of the language of all its levels (even a single sound), as well as non-verbal means (gestures, facial expressions, pantomime) can become a means of expressiveness.

13. Lexico-grammatical means as the main source of expressiveness.

The expressive possibilities of a word are associated primarily with its semantics, with its use in a figurative sense. There are many varieties of figurative use of words, their common name is paths (Greek tropos - turn; turn, image). The path is based on a comparison of two concepts that seem to our consciousness to be close in some respect. The most common types of tropes are comparison, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, litote, personification, epithet, paraphrase. Thanks to the figurative metaphorical use of the word, imagery of speech is created. Therefore, tropes are usually referred to as means of verbal figurativeness, or pictorial.

Metaphorization - one of the most common ways to create imagery - covers a huge number of commonly used, neutral and stylistically marked words, primarily polysemantic ones. The ability of a word to have not one, but several meanings of a visual nature, as well as the possibility of updating its semantics, its unusual, unexpected rethinking, is the basis of lexical figurative means.

The strength and expressiveness of the tropes is in their originality, novelty, unusualness: the more unusual, original this or that trope, the more expressive it is. Paths that have lost their imagery over time do not contribute to the expressiveness of speech.

Vocabulary with emotionally expressive coloring is especially expressive. It affects our feelings, evokes emotions. The expressiveness of speech is achieved through a motivated, purposeful collision of words of different functional-style and emotional-expressive coloring.

Many jokes and puns are based on individual author's homonyms.

To pay attention to this or that detail, to express a certain attitude to the named object or phenomenon, to evaluate it and, therefore, to enhance the expressiveness of speech allows the skillful use of synonyms.

Synonyms can perform the function of comparison and even opposition of the concepts they denote. At the same time, attention is drawn not to what is common, which is characteristic of close objects or phenomena, but to the differences between them.

As an expressive means of creating contrast, sharp opposition, antonyms are used in speech. They underlie the creation of antithesis (Greek antithesis - opposition) - a stylistic figure built on a sharp opposition of words with opposite meanings. This stylistic device is widely used by poets, writers, publicists to give speech emotionality, extraordinary expressiveness.

The richness of speech is the variety of language means used: a large amount of active vocabulary; variety of morphological forms used; variety of syntactic constructions used.
Evaluative words rich and poor in relation to speech are used by philologists, writers, literary critics, and teachers. They proceed from the speech experience that artistic speech, for example, Russian writers JI. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. P. Chekhov, - rich, and in comparison g; her speech of the newspaper, of course, is poor.
Speech is considered rich if it is diverse in its linguistic structure. A person must have a large vocabulary from which he can choose the right word and apply it in his speech.
The lexical richness of the Russian language is reflected in various linguistic dictionaries. For example, the “Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian Language”, published in 1847, contains about 115 thousand words, “The Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V. I. Dahl includes more than 200 thousand words, D. N. Ushakov included in the “Explanatory Dictionary Russian language” about 90 thousand words.
The richness of the Russian language lies not only in the large number of words, but also in the variety of their meanings. New semantic shades give the language flexibility, liveliness and expressiveness. There are many different homonyms, synonyms, antonyms, paronyms in our language, which make our speech colorful, diverse, help to avoid repeating the same words, and allow us to express a thought figuratively. There are many words in the Russian language that convey a positive or negative attitude of the speaker to the subject of thought, that is, they have expression. For example, the words bliss, luxury, magnificent, fearless, charm contain positive expression, and the words chatterbox, klutz, stupidity, daub are characterized by negative expression. Here is an example of expressive, emotional speech:
Although Nilovna is only forty years old, she considers herself an old woman. She felt old, having not truly experienced either childhood or youth, having not experienced the joy of “recognizing” the world. Gorky draws a portrait of Nilovna in such a way that sad, gray tones predominate in it: “She was tall, a little stooped, her body, broken by long work and her husband’s beatings, moved silently and somehow sideways ... There was a deep scar above her right eyebrow. .. All of her was soft, sad and submissive.” Surprise and fear - that's what constantly expressed the face of this woman. The sad image of the mother cannot leave us indifferent ...
And here is another example taken from a collection of articles on best practices in agriculture:
The introduction of legumes into the crop rotation, which are associated with the activity of nodule bacteria, as well as the creation of the necessary conditions for the better development of these plants, are important measures for the accumulation of nitrogen and the provision of subsequent crops with it. Thus, the introduction of phosphate and potash fertilizers under peas increases its yield and, consequently, contributes to a greater accumulation of nitrogen.
This speech is devoid of liveliness, emotionality, it has no lively colors, such a speech is boring and standard, built from cumbersome statements.
It is impossible to achieve speech wealth without studying the amazing language of the people - in its literary and colloquial forms, in all the diversity of its styles and socio-professional varieties, in all the abundance and diversity of its vocabulary and phraseology, word formation and grammar.
Do not forget that intonation enriches speech. Literary Russian speech is characterized by a variety of intonations taken from the spoken language and enriched and polished by the literary language. Intonation is not only raising and lowering the tone, it is also strengthening and weakening of the voice, slowing down and speeding up the tempo, various changes in timbre, these are breaks in the speech stream, or pauses. Intonation, participating in the construction of the utterance

and "layering" on syntax and vocabulary, creates excellent opportunities for expressing the most diverse shades of meaning.
Syntax also enriches speech. It is customary to say that the grammar of a language (i.e., the ways and means of constructing and changing words and constructing sentences) is not sufficiently mobile and active in creating speech diversity. The syntax of the Russian literary language has an enviable variety of means, methods, types of construction of very dissimilar sentences. You can use simple sentences in speech, but you can use complex ones; you can introduce coordinating conjunctions into speech, or you can not introduce them ... Of course, in order to use the flexible system of syntactic means of our language, you need to know it well - and not only in theory, but also in practice, in its speech existence. The poetry of A. S. Pushkin for the first time in the history of Russian literature showed the flexibility and beauty of Russian syntax, Russian intonation. How well Pushkin's syntax conveys the rhythm and melody of the waltz:
Monotonous and insane
Like a whirlwind of young life,
The waltz whirl is whirling noisily;
The couple flashes by the couple.
The better the writer and speaker is familiar with the intonational resources of our language and the practice of their speech use, the freer and more varied his speech.
Good Russian speech is famous for its apt and figurative word. It is no coincidence that verbal folk art has created such an abundance of proverbs and sayings. After all, the language itself, its role in human life, received a well-aimed and vivid reflection in proverbs and sayings. The speech creativity of the people never stops. First of all, national writers become the spokesmen for this folk talent. Many statements of Russian writers and poets entered the common language of the people as catch phrases. Well-aimed sayings enrich our speech if they are used in the right place and at the right time.

Richness of speech- this is the maximum possible saturation of it with different, non-repeating means of the language necessary for expressing meaningful information. Richness of speech can be characterized through the relationship of speech with language and consciousness.

and language

The correlation of speech with the language implies the ability for the speaker to choose a variety of means from the language system: lexical (words), syntactic (models of phrases, sentences), semantic (meanings of words), intonation. What role does richness of speech play in communication? The ability to find various linguistic means of expression helps the speaker to express the meaning more accurately, not to repeat the same words, which makes it understandable, easily perceived by the audience. In addition, it must be borne in mind that the richness of speech is a clear indicator of the speaker's high level of speech culture, which affects his status in society.

Speech and consciousness

The ratio of speech to consciousness is associated with those feelings, thoughts, emotions with which the speaker saturates his speech. But feelings, thoughts, emotions arise in connection with the knowledge and experience of some aspects of reality. Therefore, the choice of language means depends on the work of consciousness, it lies in the sphere of informative richness of the text. “Laziness of thought, its sliding over the surface of phenomena, indifference and dullness of feelings inevitably lead to dullness, monotony, paucity of speech, impoverish vocabulary, semantic connections, syntax, intonation, organization, and dynamics of speech.”

New word meanings

The semantic richness of speech is associated with such a combination of words in speech that generate new meanings. Let us recall as an example the combination of words created by N.V. Gogoldead Souls, which became the title of his brilliant poem. This combination struck the writer's contemporaries, since there was no corresponding name for the dead serfs. The new chain of words was built on the principleoxymoron (connection of words with contradictory meanings): adjectivedead became the definition of a nounsoul, which denotes an ever-living entity. At the same time, a new, deep meaning was born, which corresponded to Gogol's vision of Russia, its present and future.

Ways of variety of speech

Diverse, bright, colorful make speechsynonyms. For example, synonyms for the wordto speak: to express, to express, to rant, to orate, to orate, to fill with a nightingale, to pronounce, to speak, to broadcast, grind, carry, weave - differing in shades of meaning and scope, they help to express a thought figuratively and at the same time avoid monotony and repetition of words. With the help of synonyms, one can give a comprehensive description of an object or phenomenon.

Russian language is richphraseology . Skillful use in speechphraseological units helps to evaluate a person, phenomena in different ways, to figuratively express one's attitude, for example, approval, irony, delight. All this makes speech attractive, expressive:errand boy, measuring by yourself, licking your fingers, costing a pretty penny, seven Fridays a week, a miracle of peas, one field of berries, tongue without bones, dripping on brains, looking for yesterday.

Diversity intonation also an important component of the richness of speech.Intonation expresses specific emotions, distinguishes between types of statements: question, exclamation, motivation, narration; intonation can characterize the speaker, the conditions and situation of communication, it has an aesthetic impact on the listener. Components of intonation: melody, logical stress, loudness, speech rate, pauses. All intonational means make speech rich, give it brightness, expressiveness. It is clear that the intonation pattern, which diversifies speech, is especially significant in oral, sounding speech. However, even in written speech, the intonation is reproduced graphically by the author, for example, underlining, highlighting, changing the font and helps to understand the meaning of the text.

There are many words in Russian that haveexpression. By conveying the positive or negative attitude of the speaker to the subject of speech, they also add variety and indicate the individual choice of the speaker.Generous, charming, magical, perfect, graceful - these words contain positive expression.arrogant, sloppy, liar, fool, ignoramus are characterized by negative expression.

The richness of speech is evidenced by the presenceproverbs and sayings. It is well known that these are samples of folk wisdom.Happiness will come - and find it on the stove. Silence is gold. Not good for good, but good for cute. Where there is harmony, there is treasure. Do not hurry with your tongue - hurry with your deeds. What goes around comes around.

Rich speech is a variety of speech. It is very important to take care of expanding your vocabulary. Read more, notice unfamiliar words, find out their meaning in the explanatory dictionary, introduce them into your speech. It is useful to be critical of one's own speech, to strive to speak to the point, laconic, expressive, accurate and correct. The greater the vocabulary of the speaker, the richer his speech, the freer, fuller and more accurately he can express his feelings and thoughts.