School etymological dictionary of the Russian language online. Etymology. See the meaning of etymology in other dictionaries

Like many other scientific words, it was formed using the Greek stems etymo(n) "true meaning" and logos "learning".

Watch value etymology in other dictionaries

False etymology- the same as folk etymology.

Folk etymology- (false etymology) - understanding the morphological composition of the word and motivating its meaning on the basis of convergence with consonant words that are different from it in origin ........
Big encyclopedic dictionary

Folk etymology- - everyday, not associated with special historical linguistic knowledge and training, explanation of the origin of words; e.g. lat. by origin "proletarian" ........
Psychological Encyclopedia

ETYMOLOGY- ETYMOLOGY, -i, f. 1. A section of linguistics that studies the origin of words. 2. The origin of a particular word or expression. Determine the etymology of the word. * Folk etymology........
Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

ETYMOLOGY— ETYMOLOGY, etymologies, g. (from Greek etymos - true and logos - teaching) (lingu.). 1. only units Department of linguistics that studies the origin of words. Etudes on Russian etymology. 2. Most........
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Etymology- and. 1. A section of linguistics that studies the origin of words. 2. The origin of a word or expression in terms of its relationship with other words or expressions of this and other languages
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova

See also `Etymology` in other dictionaries

And, well. 1. A section of linguistics that studies the origin of words. 2. The origin of a particular word or expression. Determine the etymology of the word. * Folk etymology (special) - alteration of a borrowed word according to the model of a similar-sounding word of the native language based on the association of meanings (for example, in Leskov: a small scope instead of a microscope). adj. etymological, -th, -th. E. dictionary.

etymology

(Greek etymologia from etymon - truth, the main meaning of the word + logos - concept, teaching). 1) A section of linguistics that studies "the origin and history of individual words and morphemes. 2 The origin and history of words and morphemes. The etymology of the word "grammar"

Etymology

ETYMOLOGY. 1. The school name of the grammar department, which includes phonetics and morphology Ph.D. language; in this sense, e. is opposed to syntax; in science, the word e. is not used in this sense. 2. In the science of E. of this or that word (in the plural: E-and those or other words) - the origin and history of the morphological composition of this or that individual word, with the elucidation of those morphological elements from which the given word was once formed.

N.D.

Etymology etymol ogiya, -i (section of linguistics that studies the origin of words)

Russian word stress. - M.: ENAS. M.V. Zarva. 2001 .

etymology

ETYMOLOGY -And; and.[from Greek. etymon - truth, the basic meaning of the word and logos - teaching]

1. A branch of linguistics that studies the origin of words, their initial structure and semantic connections.

2. The origin of a particular word or expression. Unclear e. words. Determine the etymology of the word. folk e. (specialist.; alteration of a borrowed word according to the model of a similar-sounding word of the native language based on the association of meanings, for example: melkoscope - Leskov's microscope).

This edition of M. Fasmer's Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language is the first experience of translating such books into Russian. Compared with the usual translation of scientific books, this translation is associated with some specific difficulties. The "Dictionary" was compiled in difficult wartime conditions, as the author himself says in his preface, and which also cannot be ignored. Considering all these circumstances, the editors, when preparing the Dictionary by M. Fasmer for the Russian edition, considered it necessary to carry out the following work.

The author published his dictionary for a relatively long time in separate editions. Almost every one of them evoked numerous responses and reviews, in which the observed inaccuracies or controversial interpretations were pointed out, additions were made, and sometimes new etymologies. Everything that the author considered necessary to take into account from these remarks, he collected in an extensive addition, placed at the end of the dictionary. When translating, all the author's additions, clarifications and corrections are included directly in the text of the Dictionary, and inclusions of this nature are not marked or highlighted in any way. The translator also provided the "Dictionary" with some additions, gleaned from publications that appeared after the publication of the work of M. Fasmer, and partly from rare (mainly Russian) editions that were inaccessible to the author for technical reasons. In addition, N. Trubachev included a number of additions to the dictionary, which are in the nature of scientific comments and new etymologies. All the translator's additions are enclosed in square brackets and marked with the letter T. Editor's notes are also enclosed in square brackets. They are marked "Ed." Without any note in square brackets, only editorial clarifications related to geographical names are given, for example: “in [former] Smolensk province.”

When working on the "Dictionary" by M. Fasmer, not all etymologized words were translated. Naturally, for Russian It makes no sense for the reader to determine the meanings of all Russian words, as the author did when he compiled his dictionary for the German reader. Therefore, in this translation, definitions of the meanings of words of the national Russian language are omitted, but Fasmer's interpretations of rarer, obsolete and regional words are preserved. This last one, as well as the determination of the meanings of the parallels from other languages ​​given in the articles, required a lot of additional work from the editors. M. Vasmer, for obvious reasons, widely attracted Russian research, containing not only Russian, but also Turkic, Finno-Ugric, Baltic and other materials. At the same time, he translated the meanings of words given in the sources into German. With the usual polysemy of words, the reverse translation of meanings (in particular, those contained in Dahl and in regional dictionaries) from German into Russian or the interpretation of meanings, for example, Turkic words, through the third (German) language could lead to a direct distortion of the semasiological component in establishing the etymology of the studied words. In order to avoid this mistake, the editors subjected the definitions of the meanings of Russian and Turkic examples to a complete check, reducing them to those given in the sources. As for language examples from all other languages, their meaning was determined in most cases by the corresponding dictionaries. At the same time, the spelling of non-Russian examples was checked (or their compliance with modern writing standards), as well as the correctness of the references. The following examples testify to the need for this work: by the way disorderly M. Vasmer, referring to Gordlevsky (OLYa, 6, 326), cites: “and a Turk. alyp ari". In fact, Gordlevsky: “Turk. alp är". In the dictionary entry for the word buzluk, M. Vasmer cites Turkm with reference to Radlov. boz meaning "ice". In fact, Radlov's boz means "gray" (buz "ice"), which also corresponds to modern Turkmen usage. In the dictionary entry, the word ashug is referred to by Radlov: Radlov 1, 595. The reference is incorrect, it should be: Radlov 1, 592. The correction of all such inaccuracies in the text of the Dictionary is not marked with any marks.

Finally, it should be pointed out that the editors, having in mind a fairly wide contingent of readers, considered it necessary to remove several dictionary entries, which can be the subject of consideration only for narrow scientific circles.

Reconciliation with Russian sources was carried out by L.A. Gindin and M.A. Oborina, and with Turkic sources - by JI. G. Ofrosimova-Serova.

Foreword

The long and fruitful scientific activity of M. Vasmer was strictly sustained in its purposefulness. Most of his research was devoted to lexicology in its various branches: the study of borrowings in Russian from the Greek language, the study of Iranian-Slavic lexical relations, the analysis of the toponymy of Eastern Europe of Baltic and then Finnish origin, Greek elements in the Turkish dictionary, etc.

The consistent completion of these private studies was the Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language.

If the vocabulary (registry of words) of the etymological dictionary is not limited to arbitrary selection and widely covers the vocabulary of the language, then it reflects the multifaceted culture of the people - the creator of the language, its centuries-old history and its wide ties (between tribes in antiquity and international - in modern times). In order to correctly understand the most complex in terms of composition and origin of the vocabulary of such a language as Russian, it is not enough to know many languages, you need a wide awareness of its history and dialectology, and in addition, of the history of the people and their ethnography; direct acquaintance with ancient monuments is also necessary - the language sources not only of the Russian language, but also of its neighbors. Finally, it is necessary to master the huge scientific literature on Slavic lexicology.

It is beyond the power of one person to go through and master this whole circle. Now it is clear to everyone that at a high scientific level the task of a modern etymological dictionary can be performed only by a team of linguists, in which specialists in all philologies related to each language are represented. But M. Vasmer, like many other etymologists of the past and our century, undertook to solve this problem alone. A daring plan is characteristic of this outstanding scientist.

At the beginning of our century, a rather successful attempt at the sole preparation of an etymological dictionary of the Russian language was made by the Russian scientist A. Preobrazhensky. Having collected and summed up scattered sketches on the etymology of Russian words in his still very useful etymological dictionary, he only added here and there his materials and cautious criticisms.

M. Vasmer included in his dictionary not only the etymological hypotheses of his predecessors, but also the results of his own research, which took a very prominent place there. The great experience and erudition of the author provided in many cases a convincing, acceptable solution of controversies within the areas of interaction between Russian and neighboring languages ​​well studied by him. However, sometimes inaccuracies, errors and even unjustified comparisons appear in M. Fasmer's dictionary. This is observed most often when Fasmer interprets the dictionary reflections of Russian-Turkic and Russian-Finno-Ugric relations. The first was noted by E. V. Sevortyan in his review of M. Fasmer's dictionary. In the same way, B. A. Serebrennikov pointed out Fasmer's mistakes in etymologies based on the material of the Eastern Finnish languages. There are also blunders in the use of Baltic material. I will confine myself to one example. About a hundred years ago, Bezzenberger, in a marginal gloss of the Lithuanian translation of the Bretkunan Bible, misinterpreted the word darbas as Laubwerk ‘leaf braid’, which served as the basis for I. Zubaty’s erroneous comparison of this word with Belarusian dorob'basket'. M. Vasmer, without checking with authoritative dictionaries, repeated this untenable etymology (see E. Frenkel's explanation in the second edition of his Etymological Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language, p. 82). The word darbas never had such a meaning in old monuments, nor in the modern literary language, nor in Lithuanian dialects, but meant ‘work, work; work, product.

Some of the reviewers (for example, Ο. N. Trubachev) credit M. Vasmer with the inclusion of dialect vocabulary and onomastics. But in this direction, M. Vasmer took only the first step: from the huge, available even in published works of the dialectal stock of "non-literary words" and the no less immense stock of local names and personal names, he included only some part. In addition, as the reviews that have appeared and the reconciliation undertaken by the editors show, it was in dialect and toponymic etymologies that he made the most inaccuracies.

As for the creation of an etymological dictionary of all Russian (and even more so East Slavic) toponymy and hydronymy, this task is not yet possible to solve. This will require many decades of preparatory work by a whole team, the creation of complete corpus of critically selected material of personal names and local names, which we do not yet have at our disposal. Therefore, the composition of the onomastic part of the dictionary by M. Fasmer, naturally, causes some critical remarks. It is fair to note, however, that the author gave a number of successful articles, such as, for example, the articles Don, Danube, Moscow, Siberia. However, the current state of the study of these problems has led to the fact that in the dictionary of M. Fasmer there are both random and less successful articles in terms of selection and scientific interpretation, such as, for example, Baikanavfield and etc.

The weakest side of M. Fasmer's dictionary is its semantic definitions and comparisons. Indirectly, he himself admitted this in the afterword to the third volume of the dictionary. Here is one example:

I. 137: " Bahmur‘nausea, dizziness’, Nizhnegor.-Makaryevsk. (Dal). I understand how the phrase with gloomy‘cloud, darkness’. The first part is probably an interjection bah!, therefore, originally: "what a darkness!" Wed likewise Kaluga, Kaluga from puddle["What a puddle!"].

The last thing to warn everyone who will use the dictionary is M. Fasmer's exaggeration of the German influence on the vocabulary of the Russian language, especially German mediation when borrowing European cultural terms, often coming directly from Dutch, French, Italian or Latin. See, for example, articles: admiral, adyu, actuary, altar, pineapple, anise, profile, argument, barge, barricade, bason, basta and many others. It is characteristic that there are almost no entries in the dictionary about ancient Slavic personal proper names, such as Kupava, Oslyabya, Ratmir, Milica, Miroslava and others, while M. Vasmer found it necessary to give the etymology of personal names of Germanic origin, such as Sveneld, Rogvolod and under.

In the process of editing the dictionary, the editors found and eliminated a large number of M. Vasmer's oversights in references to sources, in incorrect spellings and interpretations of words from little-known languages. Fixed inaccuracies in quotations, incorrect accentuation of some dialect words, etc.

The publication of the Russian edition of M. Fasmer's dictionary will be of great importance, not only because it contains a summary of etymological studies of Russian vocabulary 8a over the past half century (including foreign works little known to us), but also because the very fact of publishing the Etymological Dictionary M. Fasmer, apparently, will revitalize domestic etymological studies, refresh the general interest in the history of the native language, and help to revise many traditional techniques and methods of etymological reconstructions. Much has already been said about the practical value of this book as a useful reference book, it is beyond doubt.

Prof. V. A. Larin

Author's Preface

I dreamed of compiling an "Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language" as the main goal of my scientific activity during the first studies on the influence of the Greek language on Slavic (1906-1909). The shortcomings of early work prompted me to further study Slavic antiquities more intensively, as well as most of the languages ​​\u200b\u200bof the peoples neighboring the Slavs. At the same time, the works of F. Kluge drew my attention to the need for a preliminary study of Russian professional languages, which gave me a reason already in 1910 to do a lot of work on collecting materials on the language of the Russian Ofenes. I hoped that during this time the publication of the excellent Slavic Etymological Dictionary by E. Bernecker and the Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language by A. Preobrazhensky would also be completed, which would facilitate my further experiments in this direction. Only in 1938, while in New York, did I begin to work systematically on a Russian etymological dictionary, decades later, during which I made only random extracts intended for this purpose. When a significant part of the dictionary had already been prepared, a bomb hit (January 1944) deprived me not only of this and other manuscripts, but of my entire library. It soon became clear to me that after the war I should concentrate all my efforts on the dictionary, if at all, continue to work according to the planned plan. The file cabinet was lost, but I could count on the rich collection of books of the Berlin Slavonic Institute.

But, unfortunately, after 1945 I have no opportunity to use this library. At the moment I don't have a good university library at my disposal either. Under these conditions, the work could not turn out the way I imagined it in my youth. It is based on extracts that I collected during the hungry years of 1945-1947. in empty Berlin libraries and later, during my two-year studies in the libraries of Stockholm (1947-1949). Many gaps that are obvious to me, I cannot now fill. I decided, yielding to the persuasion of my students, to prepare the dictionary for publication, as far as it is feasible under modern conditions. The decisive role was played by the conviction that in the near future, in the present state of the Slavic libraries, hardly anyone in Germany would be able to offer more comprehensive material.

Lack of space does not allow me, unfortunately, to give here a long list of people who have tried to help me out with books. Colleagues O. Brock, D. Chizhevsky, R. Ekblom, J. Endzelin, J. Kalima, L. Kettunen, V. Kiparsky, K. Knutsson, V. Mahek, A. Mazon, G. Mladenov gave me great help , D. Moravcik, H. Pedersen, F. Ramovsh, J. Stanislav, D. A. Seip, Chr. Stang and B. Unbegaun. Of my students, I am especially grateful for the books presented to me by E. Dickenman, W. Fire, R. Olesh, H. Schroeder and M. Voltner.

Those who know the USSR will be surprised by the presence in my book of such old names as, for example, Nizhny Novgorod (now Gorky), Tver (instead of Kalinin), etc. Since the linguistic material used by me was drawn mainly from old editions, the basis of which the administrative division of tsarist Russia was established, the change of names threatened with inaccuracy in determining the geography of words, and references like "Gorky" would entail mixing the city of Gorky with the writer Gorky. Thus, the old names are used here only to avoid misunderstandings.

I am especially grateful to my colleague G. Krae for his kind interest in my dictionary during its publication. My student G. Breuer helped me in the difficult reading of proofs, for which I also express my heartfelt thanks to him.

M. Vasmer

Author's afterword

Since the beginning of September 1945, I have been completely absorbed in compiling this dictionary. At the same time, I was more interested in sources than in linguistic theories. Therefore, I cannot understand how one of my reviewers could claim that I "could not draw my material directly from the sources" (Lingua Posnaniensis, V, p. 187). I can only ask the reader to check for himself, while reading my dictionary, how true this statement is, and in doing so, also pay attention to my list of abbreviations.

Until June 1949, I was only collecting material. I then set about editing the manuscript, which continued until the end of 1956. The literature on etymology that came out after 1949 was so extensive that, unfortunately, I could not use it completely. A complete reworking of the latest literature would delay the completion of the work and, given my age, might even cast doubt on its successful completion.

I am aware of the shortcomings of my presentation. Particularly unsatisfactory is their knowledge of the Russian dictionary of the 16th and 17th centuries. But at the same time, I ask you to keep in mind that even such a work as F. Kluge's Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, which has been an example for me for half a century, deepened the history of the word in the proper sense only gradually, from edition to edition. I marked the first occurrence of the word with the indications “for the first time at ...” or “(starting) from ...” If I have written a horn (Gogol), Burmese(eg, Krylov), etc., such references do not mean that I consider these particular cases to be the oldest, as some of my reviewers have decided.

My original intention was to include the most important personal and local names as well. When I saw that the material was growing to an alarming size, I began to limit and decided to process personal names separately. Many of them have been so little studied that a parsimonious interpretation of them would hardly be convincing. The need to limit the volume of the dictionary also did not give me the opportunity to trace in detail the spread of Russian borrowings in neighboring languages, because then Russian borrowings would have to be taken into account not only in the Baltic and Polish languages, but also in the Finno-Ugric languages. Nevertheless, the most important of them for the history of the language are presented to me.

From modern vocabulary, I tried to reflect the words found in the best writers of the 19th century, which, unfortunately, are far from completely represented even by large dictionaries. Dialect words were included in quite a large number, because they reflect regional differences and often, as relic words from the language of the displaced population, can shed light on the ethnic relationships of the prehistoric and early historical era. Various references to correlative words are easier to see in a printed dictionary than in a manuscript, especially if the latter is large in volume, as in this case. If I had to prepare a new edition, the number of references to different articles in it would increase, and indications of the first occurrence of the word would be much more common. From the Old Russian language, words of interest in linguistic and cultural-historical terms are included.

In "Supplements" I have corrected the most important misprints I have noticed so far and expressed my attitude to some of the comments of my reviewers. An exhaustive analysis of other points of view that have appeared during this time would require too much space.

In the hard work with proofreading, my student and friend G. Breuer gave me great help. For constant assistance in technical preparation, I am grateful to Mrs. R. Greve-Siegman, for compiling the index of words - to her and R. Richardt.

Many of the wishes expressed in the reviews of my dictionary will undoubtedly be useful for the subsequent Russian etymological dictionary, in which special attention should be paid to the numerous words called obscure here. If I had to start the work again, I would pay more attention to the tracing papers and the semasiological side.

The index of words acquired such a large size that it was necessary to refuse to include the compared words of the Slavic languages ​​and Western European words that underlie late cultural borrowings.

M. Vasmer

Berlin-Nikolaev, April 1957

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Linguistics as a science includes many sections that study different aspects of the existence and development of a language as a system. One of the sections of linguistics - etymology, deals with the origin of words, their occurrence and change in time and space. Words reflect the life of the people, their history. Many words come from other languages ​​in the process of human communication. Actually Slavic and Russian words also do not remain unchanged, but change their meaning or form over time. And all this can be restored by scientific research, the results of which are shown in this book.
There are many difficulties and complexities in the origin of words. But our dictionary in an accessible form tells about the origin of words, showing the entire, sometimes quite long chain of their existence in different languages ​​with different meanings.
The book is intended for children of middle and senior school age, however, it will be of interest to anyone who is interested in the language in its historical and modern state.

The words are arranged by topic. Topics are in alphabetical order, words within topics are also in alphabetical order. Some topics are combined into blocks, for example, "Life" combines the sections "House and household", "Cookery", "Clothes and shoes".
The dictionary entry describes the origin of the word in reverse order: from the newest form to the original components, which may refer to the most ancient roots. For example:
Rutabaga-The name is borrowed through the Ukrainian language from Polish. Polish brukiew - swede The dictionary contains terms from different fields of knowledge. Since the dictionary is primarily addressed to schoolchildren, many sections coincide with school subjects. The most famous words contain only etymological data, but for themes, the determination of the meaning of which can cause difficulties, an interpretation is first given (and if the word is polysemantic, then the most important ones are given), and then the etymological section proper. For example:
Arsenal - Warehouse of weapons, ammunition and military equipment; an enterprise that manufactures and repairs weapons, military equipment, etc.; stock, large quantity; the total amount of money at the disposal of someone. It. arsenale - arsenal In the Proto-Slavic restored forms, which, according to custom, are given by Latin transcription, "b" is used - meaning a short sound "e", and "b" - a short sound "o".

These sounds existed in the Proto-Slavic and Old Slavonic languages, but disappeared about a thousand years ago. If a recoverable form is given from a language that no longer exists, then it is preceded by a "*" sign.
The table of contents at the end of the book will help you navigate the dictionary.

Azerbaijan – Azerbaijani
algonc. – Algonquian
Altai – Altai
Anglo-Saxon. – Anglo-Saxon
Arab. – Arabic
arm. – Armenian
head - Bashkir
east - glory. - East Slavic
germ. – Germanic
Greek – Greek
Goth. – gothic
Danish – Danish
others - in. - it. – Old High German
others - germ. - Old Germanic
others - ind. - ancient Indian
others - isl. - Old Icelandic
others - Norwegian. – Old Norse
others - Prussian. - Old Prussian
others - rus. - Old Russian
others - sax. – Old Saxon
others - scand. – Old Norse
ind. - Heb. - Indo-European
Spanish – Spanish
it. – Italian
Kazakh. – Kazakh
Copt. – Coptic
Crimea. - tat. – Crimean Tatar
lat. – latin
Latvian – Latvian
lit. – Lithuanian
mong. – Mongolian
n. - V. - it. – New High German
nar. - lat. - folk (vulgar) Latin
Novolat. - Novolatinskoe
common slav. - common Slavic
Persian. - Persian
Late Lat. - Late Latin
Polish – Polish
Portuguese – Portuguese
prasl. - Proto-Slavic
provence - Provencal
Romanian – Romanian
Sanskrit. – Sanskrit
Serbo-Croatian – Serbo-Croatian
cf. – English. – Middle English
cf. - V. - it. – Middle High German
Wed-gal. – Middle Dutch
cf. - n. - it. – Middle Low German
starolat. - Old Latin
Art. - it. - Old Italian
Art. - Polish. – Old Polish
Art. - Provence. - Old Provencal
Art. - glory. - Old Church Slavonic
Art. - fr. - Old French
tat. - Tatar
Turk. – Turkic
tour. – Turkish
fr. – French
Frankish – Frankish
sw. – Swedish
Swiss German - Swiss dialect of German
Japanese – Japanese

Orange - Borrowed from Dutch. Appelsien the Dutch borrowed and slightly altered from fr. pome de sine, which literally means "apple from China".
Watermelon - The word is borrowed from dialects of the Tatar language, where the initial "k" does not give a sound, that is, "karbuz" > "watermelon". The Turkic "karbuz" goes back to the Persian. Xarbuza, from xarbuzak - melon (literally "donkey cucumber").
Butterfly - Derived from the word "woman". The ancient pagan Slavs believed that it was the deceased female ancestors, especially the sorceresses, that turned into butterflies.
Bactrian Bactrian camel. Domesticated, preserved in the wild in the deserts of China and Mongolia. The name is Old Persian from the name of the area Bactria, through which caravan routes went to India and China.
Baran - In the Old Russian language it was written "boran". Some etymologists believe that this word is related to the ancient Indo-European root *bher - "to cut". Other researchers believe that this word was borrowed from Iranian or Turkic languages ​​and from the very beginning had “a” in the root.
Squirrel - In the Old Russian language, this animal was called "vveritsa". In autumn, when the squirrel molts, its fur becomes light. Such animals were called "b'la vveritsa". Since it was precisely such a “bul vveritsa” that was hunted, from frequent mention the name was reduced to “b’la”, and then supplemented with the suffix “-k-”.
Beaver - Related to the word "brown". Like the German Bar ("bear"), it names the beast by the color of its coat. The doubling of "b" in the word "beaver" occurred in the common Indo-European language.
Rutabaga - The name is borrowed through the Ukrainian language from Polish. Polish brukiew - rutabaga Insect and bull - Both words are based on the onomatopoeic combination "would", "boo", which the ancient Indo-Europeans conveyed buzz.
Deadwood - Dead trunks or parts of trees lying on the surface of the soil. The original Russian “valezha” is a tree that has fallen to the ground, from “to bring down”.
Camel - Goth. ulbandus - camel blo(n)d.
Wolf - Some researchers translate as “tearing, tormenting” (close words are “to bring down”, “to roll”, the name is close to the ancient Indo-European root *uel, meaning “to pull, pinch, tear”). Other researchers believe that the word "wolf" is associated with "drag" (the wolf drags, drags away livestock).
Habitus - A set of external signs; appearance, appearance of a person, animal, plant, crystal. Lat. habitus - appearance, appearance, constitution.
A hybrid is an organism resulting from the crossing of genetically different parental forms. The term comes from the Latin word hybrida (a child born from the marriage of a Roman and a non-Roman woman). The word had a clear connotation of censure, and, in turn, came from the Greek hybris, hybridos - intemperance, incest, illegitimate child.
Grapefruit-English grapefruit, borrowed in the first third of the 20th century, is formed by adding the words grape - "a bunch of grapes" and fruit - "fruit", although it began to mean absolutely not a bunch of grapes, but a citrus fruit.
Caterpillar - butterfly larva; also a closed continuous (usually metal) tape in the form of a chain, put on the wheels of self-propelled vehicles to increase their cross-country ability. A common Slavic word formed with the help of the suffix "-its-" from the restored form *vosena (with a nasal "o") - "hairy", a derivative of osh (with a nasal "o") - "mustache". Thus, the caterpillar was named for its "hairiness".
Wilds - Places overgrown with dense, impenetrable forest; remote inaccessible area; wilderness. Common Slavonic word.
The Proto-Slavic form dьbrь is a formation with the help of the suffix "-гь" from the stem dъб, related to lit. dubus - deep, Latvian. dubra - puddle, Goth. diups - deep, etc., ascending to ind. - Heb. dheu-b - deep.
Dolphin - Derived from the Greek word meaning "baby". It is not known why the Greeks called this word a sea animal: maybe the dolphin seemed to them like a swaddled baby, or the cries of dolphins reminded them of the cry of a child.
Dinosaur - Created in 1841 by the English scientist R. Owen on the basis of two Greek words meaning "terrible, terrible" and "lizard".
Dromedary - A single-humped domesticated camel that has not survived in the wild. Fr. dromadaire - Melon dromedary - Etymology unclear. According to one version, this word has a common root with the word "to blow" (that is, "melon" - "bloated fruit"). Others believe that this word is borrowed: from the Latin cydonea (Sidon - an ancient city on the Mediterranean coast), the German Tonne - "barrel" or the Manchu dunnga - "watermelon".
Blackberry - Literally means "hedgehog berry" - as it was named for the thorns on the stem.
Echidna - (Obsolete) poisonous snake; in Greek mythology: monster, half-woman, half-snake. Also a small marsupial mammal living in Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea. Greek echidna - snake; viper; an evil and treacherous woman, from echis - already; snake (male)
Acorn-Common Slavic. Formed with the help of the suffix "-d-" from the restored form *gelora> ("acorn"), akin to lat. glans (genus p. glandis) or Greek. balanos - acorn. Literally means "falling fruit".
Animal - Old Slavonic word, formed from "belly" - "life".
Hare-A diminutive form of the ancient "zai"; this word goes back to a non-surviving verb with the meaning "to jump".
Grain - An ancient Slavic word of Indo-European origin. The original meaning is “ripe, ripened fruit”, and the closest related word is “ripe” (“keep up”).
Cereals - Old Slavic "cereal" - a plant. It is a suffixal derivative of zoh> (same stem as zel-v "green"). In some dialects, "zelok" means "young grass".
Serpent - Formed from the same root as "earth". The ancient root "earth-" originally meant "bottom". "Snake" - something that crawls on the ground, underfoot.
Bison - An ancient adjective in short form, formed with the suffix "-r-" from "tooth". The ancient word "tooth" had a wider range of meanings than now, and could mean "fang, thorn, horn." "Bison" can be translated as "horned".
Instinct - The innate ability to perform expedient actions on a direct, unconscious impulse.
An innate form of behavior, representing a complex chain of unconditioned reflexes caused by external and internal stimuli; subconscious, unconscious feeling, inner instinct. German Instinkt - Donkey-Donkey instinct or a mixture of a horse and a donkey. The word is of Turkish origin. Azerbaijan asak - donkey, Tat. isak - donkey, arm. ash - donkey.
Zucchini - Actually a Russian word, a diminutive form of the word "tavern" borrowed from the Ukrainian language, which goes back to the Turkic "kabak" - "pumpkin".
Cabbage - The word is probably Latin, from caput - "head". So named for the similar shape.
Potato - Borrowed from German in the second half of the 18th century. The German Kartoffel is a modification of the word Tartuffel, which was borrowed from the Italian language. In fact, the Italian tartufolo meant "truffle mushroom", but after all, both truffles and mushrooms grow in the ground, and they began to be called the same. The word goes back to the Latin terrae tuber - "earth cone".
Cobra - In Portuguese, it simply means "snake". The full name of the cobra, borrowed from Portuguese in the 18th century, was cobra del capello (which means "hooded snake"), in Russian it was abbreviated.
Cow is a common Slavic word, it has many relatives in Indo-European languages, for example, the Latin cornu is a horn. That is, "cow" can be interpreted as "horned".
Cat - Presumably borrowed from Latin, where cattus, catta are the names of domestic (not wild!) cats and cats. The ancient Romans borrowed the name of the animal from the Berbers from North Africa, who called the wild cat with the word "kat". Initially, the name of the cat was given by the Egyptians, in whom it was a sacred animal. The Old Russian word "cat", formed from the word "cat", obviously, at first looked like *kotjьka.
Rabbit - It was borrowed in the 16th-17th centuries from the Polish language. Polish krolik - diminutive of krol - king; this is a literal translation of the German word kuniklin, literally meaning "king". The Germans, by consonance, connected two words - the Latin cuniculus (actually the name of the rabbit, which has nothing to do with the king) and its own kunik - "king" (in modern German Konig).
Gooseberry - Polish krzyzownik - gooseberry, inaccurate derivational tracing paper in German. Krisdohre - gooseberry, from Kris - cross, Dohre - sloe (then gooseberry literally - "Christ's thorn"). According to another version, the German dialect word Kristolbeere was inaccurately translated - gooseberry. The noun "kryzh" - "cross", which is used to transfer part of the German word Krist, preserved in some Slavic languages, is a borrowing from Romance languages, in which the form croge goes back to lat. crux - cross.
Corn - The origin of the word is unclear. Perhaps it came from the Romanian language (Romanian kukurus - fir cone). Other researchers trace it to the Turkish kokoros - corn stalk, corn.
Hen - The wife of the chicken. “Kur” is a common Slavic word meaning “rooster”; according to the assumptions of etymologists, this word is imitative (as well as the words "crow", "crow"). “Female chickens” - “chicken”, diminutive - “chicken”.
Partridge - The name has been known since the end of the 17th century. It is a compound word consisting of "kura" and "potok" (the same root as "bird"): thus, "partridge" is "a bird that looks like a chicken." In the word "partridge" the stress first fell on the first syllable, this can explain the change from "o" to "a" in the second part of the word.
Swan - Formed from the ancient root leb - (*elb), which means "white" (from the same root the Latin word albus - "white" and the name of the Elbe River), using the suffix "-go, - eat."
Horse - Borrowed from the Turkic languages: "alasha" meant "horse, gelding". In Russian, this word turned into “losha” (in Ukrainian it means “foal”), and then acquired the suffix “-ad”. The same root “kob-” as in the word caballus (“horse” in Latin) stands out in the ancient common Slavic word “mare”. But the word "horse", also common Slavic, does not have a reliable etymology. One of the hypotheses is the borrowing of the form *kanko/*konko from the Celtic languages.
Onion-Feather of the wild onion, the feather was shorter than that of a modern garden plant, and bent to the ground. Therefore, in the ancient Germanic languages ​​\u200b\u200b(from where the Slavs borrowed this word), this plant was called louh (and in modern German this word looks like Lauch). This is a word of the same root as Locke - "curl, curl."
Frog - A small "frog". The word "frog" is derived from "frog" - "leg, thigh"; The frog has very long hind legs.
Mammoth - Appeared in Russian in the 16th century, after the conquest of Siberia, as a borrowing of the Tungus word meaning "bear", or the Nenets word, meaning "devourer of the earth."
Bear - Slavic substitution of the true name of the beast (it was somehow connected with the name of his dwelling "lair" and the brown color of the wool; compare the name of the beaver with the same brown hair and the name of the bear in European languages ​​with the root "ber"). The current name goes back to the Proto-Slavonic *medvedь and means "eating honey". They tried not to use the true name, so as not to attract an evil beast from the forest.
Lamprey - An aquatic vertebrate with a naked, eel-like body. Polish minog - lamprey Moth - Actually a Slavic word, means "small" (insect).
Insect - A literal translation of the Latin insectum (passive participle from insecere - "to make notches"). This name arose due to the fact that insects have notches that separate one segment from another.
Bat - One of the types of bats. Body length 2.5–5 cm. nekto - night + rug - soar, fly.
Fern-Actually Russian word. It is formed from the noun "fern" - this is how this plant was called before. “Far” comes from the unpreserved * mouth (transformed into “flog”) - “wing”, the same root as “soar”, “feather”. The name was given to the plant by the similarity of the leaves with the wings of a bird (cf. the dialect "fern" - "a smaller part of the wing").
Arctic fox - Old Russian derivative of the word "dog" - "dog"; originally this word meant "like a dog."
Parsley - Borrowed from the Polish language. The Latin name for this plant, petroselinum, comes from the Greek word for "stone celery".
Peony - According to Pliny, the peony got its name from the student of the ancient Greek physician Aesculapius Peon, who performed amazing healings with the help of this plant and even healed the god of hell Pluto from the wound inflicted on him by Hercules. Wed - n. - it. Pione - peony Parrot - The word is borrowed from the Dutch language in the 16th century (Dutch sailors liked to bring these birds from the southern countries). The Dutch papegaai is derived from the Old French papagai. In European languages, this word came, most likely, from the Arabs; Arabic babagha is most likely onomatopoeic.
Bird - In Old Russian it looked like a “bird”, with the root “pt-”, the ancient meaning of which is “small”. The words "chick", "bird" are formed from the same root.
Bee - Even among the Proto-Slavs, the onomatopoeic root "b-" began to denote a buzzing insect - "bchela", which turned into a "bee".
Sink - The original Russian suffixal derivative of "crayfish", which is a case form from the restored common Slavic *raky (genus p. rakbve), preserved in the Slavic languages ​​in the form of "cancer". "Raki" is borrowed (through Germanic intermediary) from the Latin language, where arca - "box, dungeon" and has the same root as arceo - "I lock".
Radish - The word was borrowed from French at the end of the 19th century along with a vegetable. The French radis goes back to the Latin radix - "root". The letter "e" in the root of the word "radish" appeared under the influence of the word "radish".
Radish - The name of the vegetable came into Russian from German in the 16th century. The German word Redik comes from the Latin word radix, from which the name radish is derived.
Chamomile - The name of the flower is a native Russian suffixal derivative of the word "roman" (chamomile), which is also known in dialects and other Slavic languages ​​as a borrowing from botanical Latin. Most species of chamomile grow in the southern part of Europe, which is why the name was borrowed from there.
Rudiment - An underdeveloped, residual organ that was full-fledged at the previous stages of development of this type of organism; relic, trace of a vanished phenomenon. Lat. rudimentum - beginning, germ, from rudis - raw, rough.
Lynx - Red animal. The original form is *rydsi>, with the same root as "ore", "blush"; and "-s-" is an ancient suffix.
Pig - According to some researchers, the name was given to the animal for its fertility; the ancient Indo-European stem *suin- goes back to the root *su-, which means "to give birth, to produce".
Silage - Succulent feed for livestock, obtained by preserving the crushed green parts of plants. Use Silos - pl. h. from silo - a pit, a cellar for storing grain.
Smorodina - This proper Russian word is derived from the suffix "-ina" from "currant", the feminine counterpart to "currant" - "strong smell" with the same root as "stench". The name of the plant was given by the strong and tart smell of blackcurrant.
The dog is one of the first pets. The name is believed to be borrowed from Iranian languages, for example, from the language of the Scythians, in which this word looks like "spaka".
The Nightingale-Bird was named after the color of its feathers: its name is the same root as “nightingale” - “yellowish-gray”.
Straw - A common Slavic word that has counterparts in other Indo-European languages. The modern form arose from the original solma, related to others - Prussian. salme - straw, lat. culmus - straw, stem, Greek. kalamos - stem, culm.