Transition of participles into adjectives and nouns. Transition of participles into adjectives Dependence on semantic meaning

The presence of participle signs that are the same as the signs of adjectives contributes to the transition of participles into adjectives. This process is called adjectivation (from lat . - attach.). At the same time, participles lose the signs of the verb and simply denote the sign of the subject without regard to the action: a pebble shining in the sun is a brilliant speaker, a boy brought up by his grandmother- educated person.

There are words that have finally lost the signs of a verb and turned into an adjective: humble, unexpected etc. In addition, there are words that, depending on the context, are either participles or adjectives formed from participles in a morphological-syntactic way. At the same time, acting as an adjective, such words often acquire a different lexical meaning: shoulder-length hair(participle) - promiscuous child(adj.) door wide open(participle) - open look(adj.) slightly raised curtain(participle) - high spirits(adjective). The same applies to short forms attached. and participles: troops are concentrated on the river(participle) - eyes are focused(adj.) girl raised in an orphanage(participle) - the girl is smart and educated(attached).

Usually participles can be replaced by a verb: 1. Stone shining in the sun- a pebble that glitters in the sun 2. Fertilizers are scattered across the field.- Fertilizers were scattered across the field. Attached. indicate the quality of the subject and can be replaced by adjectives-synonyms: 1. Brilliant speaker- good speaker. 2. The children were distracted.- The children were inattentive.

Of particular difficulty is the distinction between appendices. and participles, ending. on -my: beloved, invisible, unharmed etc. It is believed that such words are participles when they have an explanatory word in the form of Tv.P. without a preposition, naming the actor or instrument of action: a color not loved by the father, a microbe not visible to the eye. In other cases, they are usually adjectives: my favorite color, the city invisible beyond the horizon. Adjectives formed from participles can acquire features characteristic of adjectives: form adverbs on - oh, uh (brilliant report- spoke brilliantly) have degrees of comparison (most lovely poet), combined with adverbs of measure and degree (very organized team) etc.

Participles (another point of view - adjectives, images from participles) can turn into nouns: students, ice cream, future, past, workers etc.: 1. Man is one link in an endless chain of lives that stretches through him from the depths past (n.) to endless future (n.).

1. If the participle acquires a qualitative meaning, it becomes an adjective. At the same time, it loses its verb features: aspect, voice and tense. Compare: 1) stones, outstanding (which are issued) above the surface of the water, smoothly polished by waves. 2) Outstanding (exceptional) abilities helped the comrade brilliantly cope with the task. In the first example, the word outstanding - participle; it has a present tense value (match: protruding stones - protruding stones), in the second example outstanding - adjective with the qualitative meaning "exceptional", "bright", "special"; it has lost the meaning of time (the expression "outstanding abilities" does not make sense).

Different forms of participles have different possibilities for transition into adjectives. It is very easy to turn into adjectives real participles of the present tense on -shchy, For example:

defiant look(impudent), brilliant abilities(very good), charming smile(adorable) stupefying smell(very strong) annoying tone, overwhelming impression(extremely strong) aspiring writer(having no experience in the craft of writing). From participles of this type, which have passed into qualitative adjectives, short forms are formed: the smile is charming, the abilities are brilliant, the look is defiant.

No less easily passed into the category of adjectives passive participles of the past tense on -ny And -ty; malnourished child(skinny) limited person(underdeveloped) trusted friend(loyal), educated person(educated) refined taste(thin), absent-minded person(inattentive, badly noticing everything around) hackneyed topic(long known and boring).

Some adjectives derived from passive participles even form a comparative degree: restrained - more restrained, educated - more educated.

Much less often pass into adjectives other forms of participles: participles from verbs into -Xia, past participles on -former. Here are examples of adjectives formed from these participle forms: eminent writer, failed venture and etc.

2. Like adjectives, participles can be used in the meaning of nouns, for example: I approached sleeping. Becoming permanent designations of objects, some participles turn into nouns: student, worker, manager, past, future.

Exercise 315. Write off by inserting the missing letters; indicate where the highlighted words are used as participles, where - as adjectives, where - as nouns, where - as pronouns.

I. 1) On next.. deep snow fell in the morning. 2) After much discussion, we decided next: wait for dawn and then continue the search. 3) boat, next... behind our ship, begins to lag behind. 4) I began to listen with curiosity next... story. 5) Come quickly: who next... 6) This person is very suspicious, everywhere next... behind us.

II. 1) We, who live now, are responsible for our Motherland before future generations of the people. 2) Our future Wonderful. 3) Future will show how right we are. 4) Crop area in bu.d ... we year we will increase even more.

§ 253 Spelling n And nn in participles and adjectives.

1. In the full passive past participles on -ny spelled two n ; picture, drawing nn aya by the artist; barge, cargo nn aya forest; beast, wound nn fired by a bullet; worker, qualified nn th in the sixth category; decided nn th task; brooch nn th child.

2. In adjectives formed from verbs, two are written n, if they have prefixes or end in -wounded, -wounded (except forged And chewed): force nn oh food, fav nn essays, above nn th style, worn out nn oh coat, hold on nn books, qualified nn th worker, balova nn th child.

3. In adjectives formed from non-prefixed verbs (and also without a suffix -ovanny), one is written n: heavy n oh barge, sowing n oh flour, smoked n oh sausage, veal n th fish, elm n mittens, gache n oh and bad n oh lime, salt n th cucumber, tka n th tablecloth, wound n th soldier.

4. Exceptions: you need to write with one n: smarter n th student, name n th brother, as well as a noun prida n oh; With two n: sacred nn ow debt, yes nn th case, wish nn th guest, unknown nn th case, invisible nn oh and unheard nn th success.

Note. One n written in verbal adjectives when they are part of a compound word, for example: one-colored material, fresh-frozen meat.

Exercise 316.

Heat ... th fish - fried ... th mutton, kale ... th chestnuts - hardened ... th steel, scorched ... th steppe - burnt ... th coffee, sowing ... th seeds - sowing .. .th flour, wax ... th paper - wax ... th thread, vytka ... th drawing - weaving ... th tablecloth, elm ... th jacket - tied ... hands, slaked ... th lime - extinguished ... th fire, ditch ... th shoes - tear ... th apple, more beautiful ... th house - painted ... th floor, learned ... starling - learned ... lesson, fright ... th crow - fright .. th child.

317. Write by inserting the missing letters.

1) In a fury ... oh haste, he saddled a horse. 2) He was attacked by enraged people. 3) With a rattle, forged hooves hit the pavement stone. 4) The horse feels a lower ... th rein, immediately takes the trot. 5) We passed the bridge, thrown ... over the river. 6) Deep into the ground, a round hew is dug ... an oak column. 7) I am a shooting bird in these matters. 8) The sailor liked the smart boy. 9) She was without a coat, in an elm ... oh jacket. 10) Echelons loaded with people, wagons, kitchens, guns passed through Kyiv to the south.

(N. Ostrovsky.)

318. Write by inserting n or nn.

1) The walls were painted with white paint. The walls, painted white, were very clean. Paths and rugs were laid on the more beautiful floors. 2) The officer, wounded in the hand, remained in the ranks until the end of the battle. The wounded ... officer was sent to the hospital. 3) Freight platforms of a freight train quickly flashed past the stop. At a dead end stood a platform laden with stone. 4) The stern, wrinkled face of the old man was gloomy and concentrated ... oh. All my attention was focused on solving a difficult problem.

319 . Write by inserting n or nn (repeat § 170).

Factory ... th, battalion ... th, th ... th, green ... th, studio ... th, silver ... th, tin ... th, leather ... th, linen. ..th, tree ... th, scattering ... th, sowing ... th, hemp ... th, sandy ... th, smoked ... th, smoky ... th, morning-th, kinship ... th, kinship ... ah, stickier ... th, stickier ... ah, glue ... th, clay ... th, straw ... th, cranberry ... th, wind. ..oh engine, wind...th weather, oil... .hands, oil...th paints, lime...th, aviation...th.

320. Write by inserting n or nn.

1) The road was beautiful and paved in many places. 2) On the road in the form of a dam in bulk ... stones. 3) Across the streams lined ... you were stone ... bridges. 4) Unexpected ... th case resolved my perplexity. 5) The dugout is covered ... and hung ... with rich carpets. 6) That year, autumn ... the weather stood for a long time in the yard. 7) For a long time ... the jug filled with a ringing wave. 8) A golden month walks in the silver ... th expanse. 9) In the mountains, the fetter ... th, the herd spends the captive every day. 10) Together they walk hand in hand in the morning ... sometimes. 11) The wagon stopped in front of a wooden ... house, built ... on a high place. 12) A small man in a leather cap and frieze overcoat got out of the cart. 13) We met a wounded Cossack. 14) Here I saw Mikhail Pushkin, early last year.

(From the works of A. S. Pushkin.)

GENERAL PARTICIPLE

Definition of adverb.

The participle is an invariable form of the verb, which, along with the features of the verb, has the features of an adverb.

A gerund, like an adverb, serves as a circumstance in a sentence that explains the verb. Compare examples:

1) Trezor ran ahead and 2) Trezor ran ahead,

wagged his tail waving tail. (BUT.)

In the first example, both verbs are: fled And waved - are predicates. In the second example, only the verb fled is a predicate, the participle waving is a circumstance of the mode of action that serves to explain the predicate; it answers the question how? (ran How? - tail wagging). Here are more examples where gerunds, explaining the predicates, are different circumstances: 1) We moved on(When?), rested and feeding horses(obst. time). 2) Vasilisa Egorovna left me alone(Why?), seeing my stubbornness(general causes). 3) Stay out of the water(under what condition?) Not knowing ford(general conditions).

The participles are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs of the perfect and imperfect form; they can be formed from the verbs of each of the three voices: real, passive, middle.

Yes, from the verb read a book) - transitive, active voice, imperfect form, a gerund is formed while reading a book); from the verb stop - intransitive, middle voice, perfect form, a gerund is formed stopping; from the verb discuss - passive voice, imperfect form, a gerund is formed discussing.

The participles indicate the time in relation to the time of the action being explained. Imperfect gerunds, as a rule, denote actions that are simultaneous with the actions being explained: We go talking. We walked talking. We will go talking. Perfect participles denote actions that occurred before the actions being explained: After talking, we part ways. After talking, we parted ways. After talking, we will part ways.

The formation of adverbs.

1. Imperfect gerunds are formed from the stem of the present tense by adding a suffix -I, and after hissing - -A, For example: travel - traveling, looking - looking, crying - crying, breathing - breathing, fighting - fighting, holding on - holding on.

Participles from verbs that have a suffix in the stem of the present tense -va- drops out, are formed with this suffix: to publish - to publish, to be aware - to be aware, to lag behind - lagging behind.

Notes. 1 .. From a number of imperfective verbs, gerunds are either not formed, or, if they are, they are almost never used in speech, for example: 1) from verbs on - whose in indefinite form (furnace. protect, cut etc., compare possible but uncommon forms taking care, shearing); 2) from verbs with a suffix -Well- (sour, smell, wither and etc.); 3) from part of the verbs of I conjugation, forming the basis of an indefinite form with the help of a suffix -A; A the basis of the present (or future simple) without this suffix, for example: knit - knit, plow - plow, dance - dance and etc.

2. Participle from the verb be has a suffix -learn: being. Participles with suffix - teach, -yuchi from other verbs are used mainly in the language of folklore: Looking at this, Vladimir the Prince wept(from the epic).

2. Perfect participles are formed from the basis of the past tense by adding suffixes -in, -lice after a vowel -shi – after a consonant: opened - opened or having opened, confessed - having confessed, got in - got in, cut - cut, raked - raked, dried up - dried up; at the verb lock up adverb has two variants: having locked(from the basis of an indefinite form lock up) And lock up(from the basis of the past tense locked).

Perfective gerunds can be formed from the basics of the future simple tense by adding suffixes -I, -A. This is usually how gerunds are formed from some verbs with a stem into consonants and from reflexive verbs with a suffix - And - in indefinite form: I will read - having read, I will bring - having brought, it will be noted - having checked out, I will say goodbye - saying goodbye.

Some verbs form gerunds in two ways: and with suffixes -lice, -in, -shi, and with suffixes -i, -a: bring, bring - bring And bringing; bring - bring And bringing; tune in - tune in And tuning in.

Note. Some verbs with stems in - d And - T gerunds are formed from the basis of the present (or future simple) tense (with the preservation d And T ) through the suffix - I ; will acquire - having acquired, weave - weave; for others - from the basis of the past tense (with a pass d and d) through the suffix -lice: sat down - sat down.

From prefixed verbs derived from the verb go - go - went gerunds are formed either from the basis of the future simple tense: I will come - I will come, I will go out - I will go out, I will find - I will find, either from the basis of the past tense (with restoration ( d): came - having come, left - having gone out, found - having found.

- Think about whether the highlighted words have verbal properties: time, type, ability to control nouns? That is, can these words be called participles?

Brilliant speaker, outstanding capabilities, dependent state, closed character, educated Human, educated child.

Words brilliant, outstanding, dependent, withdrawn, educated, educated have lost the specified verbal properties and designate only a sign. In these examples, we observe the phenomenon of the transition of participles into adjectives.

In order for students to better understand this process, I suggest that they answer the question: what conditions are necessary for the transition of participles into adjectives and do changes occur in the lexical meaning of words? Please support your opinion with specific examples.

For the transition of participles into adjectives, the location of the participle is required before the word being defined (frost,brilliant (adj.) in the sun -shiny (adj.) capabilities), lack of controlled words (poisonous (adj.) substances), loss or weakening of verbal categories of aspect, tense. There are changes in the lexical meaning of words (burning (adj.) firewood -burning (adj.) eyes; embankment,educated (adj.) explosion -educated (adj.) woman).

A technique that allows you to check whether the participle has turned into an adjective is to replace it with synonymous adjectives, while constructions with participles are replaced by subordinate clauses. I suggest that students check this with the following examples: brilliant success, loving look, open character, jumping boy.

Brilliant (adj.) success- magnificent, excellent, wonderful. Loving (adj.) sight- Kind. Open (adj.) character- sincere, direct. bouncing (adj.) boy- a boy who jumps.

Make a similar substitution in the following examples: curly hair, poisonous substances, exciting spectacle, knowledgeable specialist.

curly hair- hair that is curly; curly. poisonous substances - substances that poison; poisonous. Exciting spectacle- a spectacle that excites the soul; disturbing. Knowing specialist- a specialist who knows a lot; intelligent, intelligent, erudite.

In these examples, the fact of a double replacement is observed, which indicates that the transition has not yet been finally completed.

Complete the table with specific examples.

Analyze the examples below. What do they confirm?

Brilliant answer - the answer is brilliant, brilliant speech - the speech is brilliant. A brilliant answer is the most brilliant answer. A dangerous position is a dangerous position. Favorite flowers are the most favorite flowers. Perform brilliantly.

It can be seen from these examples that participles that have passed into adjectives acquire grammatical features characteristic of adjectives: the ability to have degrees of comparison, a short form, adverbs are formed from them, they can have synonyms and antonyms from among ordinary adjectives.

Transition of participles into adjectives

– The most common words with one n - participles that have turned into adjectives: boiled, baked, fried, boiled, dried, dried, smoked, soaked, salted, melted, wounded, dyed, oiled, torn, confused.

The transition of participles into nouns is accompanied by the fact that there is no need for a defined noun, the categories of gender, number and case become independent in them, in a sentence they perform syntactic functions characteristic of a noun, they can have definitions with them, that is, they develop the meaning of objectivity and the value of the attribute is lost.

Remember as many participles as possible that have turned into nouns.

Present, past, future, workers, students, leading, struggling, needy, killed, lagging behind, speaking, walking, cutting, seeing off, seeing off, arriving, teaching, learning etc.

- Create a "portrait" of these words.

- In these sentences, determine the part of the underlined words, indicate which part of the sentence they are.

what changes occur when participles turn into adjectives and nouns and got the best answer

Answer from Altavista[guru]
What complicated explanations - a nightmare!! ! Let it be primitive, but understandable: a fighter wounded in the leg is a dependent word, participle, therefore NN; wounded fighter - verbal adjective H (this exception, just in case, should be written HH by appearance); the wounded man was bandaged (to whom?) - a substantiated noun - one N. If you have any questions - write.
Source: Philologist

Answer from Natasha[guru]
Adjectivation is the transition of a participle into an adjective. When adjectivized, participles lose their verbal categories and begin to designate a permanent, static, unchanging sign, thus, participles are rethought. Allocate:
* participles that have turned into adjectives with a figurative meaning (brilliant career);
* participles that have turned into adjectives with new, additional meanings (thinking being);
* participles that have turned into adjectives with a designation of purpose for performing some action (typewriter);
* participles that have turned into adjectives with the meaning of the ability to be exposed to any effect (declined nouns);
* participles that have turned into adjectives with the meaning of a state caused as a result of some action (condensed milk).
look here in the middle of the page there is a lot more written about this

Answer from Dmitry Shvedov[master]
I already forgot the rules of the Russian language, but maybe in a sentence the participle becomes a definition, subject or object :)

Answer from 3 answers[guru]

Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: what changes occur when participles turn into adjectives and nouns

The greatest difficulties are caused by the spelling of passive past participles into -ny, which have turned into adjectives (boiled, salty). This is because so far it has helped students to distinguish between participles and adjectives that participles are formed from verbs, and adjectives from nouns. Having met adjectives, which are also formed from verbs, students begin to mix them with full participles.

It is necessary that students firmly remember the signs of these adjectives.

1) Verbal adjectives of this type are formed only from imperfective verbs: boiled milk from boil, burnt cork from burn. If the form is formed from a perfective verb, then this is a participle: a solved problem from solve, abandoned things from throwing away. (It should be remembered about several passive past participles formed from imperfective verbs, which were mentioned above: read, written, etc.)

2) Such verbal adjectives do not have prefixes: fried cutlet, confused answer. While participles may have prefixes: fried meat, intricate traces. If the prefix non- is added to the adjective, then it remains an adjective and is written with one n: slaked lime - quicklime; ironed linen - unironed linen.

3) Verbal adjectives do not have dependent words: dried mushrooms, sauerkraut. Participles can have dependent words: sun-dried mushrooms, sauerkraut for the winter.

Therefore, if we are considering a form formed from a verb that does not have a prefix or dependent word, then before deciding whether it is a participle or an adjective, one should determine the kind of verb from which it is formed. From verbal adjectives into -ovanny, -evanny are always written with two n (pressed, uprooted). Adjectives forged, chewed, are written with one n, since -ov and -ev enter the root, which students are convinced of by analyzing the words by composition.

You should remember the exception words: desired, sacred, unexpected, unexpected, which are written with two n, smart, named - with one n.

It is useful to compare mixed forms: oily (paints) - an adjective formed with the help of the suffix -yang- from the noun oil; oily (pancake) is a verbal adjective formed from the verb to oil; greasy (apron) - participle formed from the verb to grease.

Here are some exercises to practice.

1. Turn adjectives into participles by adding dependent words or prefixes. Make suggestions with them. Soaked apples, salted fish, a wounded bird, a quilted jacket, a confused answer.

2. Turn participles into adjectives.

Sauerkraut in a barrel, a whitewashed ceiling, melted butter, a paved street, an overloaded car, potatoes fried in oil.

3. Form verbal adjectives or participles from these verbs, pick up nouns for them.

Praise, decide, mow, deprive, let go, captivate, sharpen, weave.

4. Turn adjectives into participles, and participles into adjectives:

a sawn log is sawn sugar, a forged sword is chained.

Woven tablecloth, knitted scarf, etched wolf, darned sleeve, untrodden path.

5. Form full and short participles from adjectives, pick up nouns for them: a broken line - a broken pencil, a broken toy.

Frozen fish, boiled egg, seeded herbs, confused story, unironed shirt,

6. Explain spelling.

a) Path cleared, boots cleaned, boots cleaned today, potatoes not peeled, shoes not cleaned.

b) Painted floors, painted walls, unpainted tables, whitewashed windows, painted shelves.

c) A dinner party, a summoned student, an uninvited guest, guests invited to dinner.

Here are sentences that can be used for various types of dictations throughout the topic.

1) Bunches of dried herbs, bundles of shriveled roots and kitchen utensils hung on the walls (Paust.).

2) Patched cabbie coats with tin numbers rattled in the eyes (Paust.).

3) Our brigade entered the abandoned, devastated and half-scorched Turkish village (Garsh.).

4) On large tables without tablecloths they put several wooden painted and gilded bowls with liquid millet gruel (Garsh.).

5) At this strange hour of a bright and foggy autumn night, the neglected park seemed sad and mysterious, like an abandoned cemetery (Kupr.).

6) The walls turned yellow, painted with oil paint, captured by dirty fingers (Paust.).

7) They were overtaken by a man in a torn coat and a straw hat (A.N.T.).

A strange figure of a frightened man appeared on a deserted street (A.N.T.).

9) Palaces looked at the Neva with shot deserted windows (A. N. T.).

10) He was lying in someone's sheepskin coat, surrounded by a whole crowd of people (Kupr.).

11) The army was melting like tin soldiers thrown into the oven (A.N.T.).

12) The walls are whitewashed with lime, and the bottom is painted with brown oil paint (Cupr.).