Materials for preparing for the exam in the Russian language. Unified State Exam in Russian
The video course "Get an A" includes all the topics necessary for the successful passing of the exam in mathematics by 60-65 points. Completely all tasks 1-13 of the Profile USE in mathematics. Also suitable for passing the Basic USE in mathematics. If you want to pass the exam with 90-100 points, you need to solve part 1 in 30 minutes and without mistakes!
Preparation course for the exam for grades 10-11, as well as for teachers. Everything you need to solve part 1 of the exam in mathematics (the first 12 problems) and problem 13 (trigonometry). And this is more than 70 points on the Unified State Examination, and neither a hundred-point student nor a humanist can do without them.
All the necessary theory. Quick solutions, traps and secrets of the exam. All relevant tasks of part 1 from the Bank of FIPI tasks have been analyzed. The course fully complies with the requirements of the USE-2018.
The course contains 5 large topics, 2.5 hours each. Each topic is given from scratch, simply and clearly.
Hundreds of exam tasks. Text problems and probability theory. Simple and easy to remember problem solving algorithms. Geometry. Theory, reference material, analysis of all types of USE tasks. Stereometry. Cunning tricks for solving, useful cheat sheets, development of spatial imagination. Trigonometry from scratch - to task 13. Understanding instead of cramming. Visual explanation of complex concepts. Algebra. Roots, powers and logarithms, function and derivative. Base for solving complex problems of the 2nd part of the exam.
Practice tests with answers to all tasks.
Demo version (demo version) FIPI Unified State Examination in Russian 2016 with answers and comments
Demo version of FIPI 2016 interactively with answers and comments
Task 1. Information processing of written texts
Exercise 1 checks the ability to work with the information contained in a short text.
No knowledge required. You just need to carefully read and comprehend the text, and then correlate your understanding with the proposed wording.Task 2. Means of communication of sentences in the text
In task 2 it is necessary, having understood the text and the nuances of the meaning, to restore the missing semantic component. It is expressed by a word or a combination of words offered for selection.
Task 3. Lexical meaning of the word
It would seem that the usual words: cup, product, show, number, approach... But all these words are polysemantic, and it may not be easy to determine in which of the meanings presented in the dictionary they are used in the proposed texts.
Task 4. Orthoepic norms (emphasis)
Task 4 checks the possession of orthoepic (accentological) norms. Know that for many reasons, errors in stress are not uncommon. Often people are unaware that they put the stress incorrectly. The volume of words is determined by the FIPI list
Task 5. Lexical norms (use of a word in accordance with the lexical meaning and the requirement of lexical compatibility)
Task 5 devoted to the use of paronyms. Help prepare , in it you will find an interpretation of meanings and examples of lexical compatibility of words
Task 6. Morphological norms (formation of word forms)
Task 6 — one of the most complex and voluminous tasks. You need to know the typical errors in the formation of forms of nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, adverbs, verbs and be able to notice them in a number of examples proposed for analysis
Task 7. Syntactic norms. Agreement norms. Management norms
Task 7 introduced in 2015. In the version of the Unified State Examination in 2016, changes were made to it. We offer you already updated training options for task 7. Remember: it can bring as much as 5 points. Therefore, it requires special attention in the preparation
Task 8. Spelling roots
Task 8 - a simple task in which you need to correctly determine the spelling "Checked vowel in the root" and, having selected a test word, correctly write down the selected word in the answer
Task 9. Spelling prefixes
Task 9 voluminous, but not difficult. The spelling of prefixes is checked. Let's remember how Russian prefixes are written
Task 10. Spelling of suffixes of various parts of speech (except for suffixes with Н and НН)
Task 10 voluminous, but not difficult. The spelling of suffixes is checked. Let's remember how Russian suffixes are written
Task 11. Spelling of personal endings of verbs and participle suffixes
Task 11 needs attention. If you make mistakes in the tests, get acquainted with step-by-step tactics. To do this, see the Handbook for preparing for the exam
Task 12. Spelling NOT and NOR
Task 12 requires understanding of the topic, attention and knowledge in which cases NOT or NOR becomes a prefix
Task 13. Continuous, hyphenated, separate spelling of words
To complete task 13 you need to remember the basic rules for continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of words and learn to distinguish between homonyms
Task 14. Spelling -Н- and -НН- in various parts of speech
Task 14 covers a number of rules for writing H and HH. This is one of the most erroneous tasks. Requires attention and knowledge
Task 15. Punctuation marks in a simple complicated sentence (with homogeneous members). Punctuation in a compound sentence and a simple sentence with homogeneous members.
For task 15 you can get 2 points. To do this, you need to correctly place punctuation marks in five sentences and choose two of them that require only one comma
Task 16. Punctuation marks in sentences with separate members (definitions, circumstances, applications, additions)
Task 16 is one of the more difficult ones. Find out what is isolation and what types of isolation are found in CIMs
Task 17. Punctuation marks in sentences with words and structures that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence
Task 17 checks the ability to recognize introductory words and combinations and not their way with homonymous members of the sentence. Recall the lists of introductory words. Find out which words are not introductory
Task 18. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence
Task 18 devoted to the punctuation of complex sentences. Consider the different cases encountered in CMMs
USE Russian language.
Express preparation.
Task number 26. Language means of expression.
Task number 26. .
So you guys, our wonderful express train brought us to the last test stop.
Today we will recall the main artistic expressive means of the language. I'll tell you how to complete task number 25. But the conversation ahead is long, there is a lot of material. If you're ready, then let's get started.
I will explain step by step the procedure for completing task number 25.
Step 1 .
Read the assignment carefully. look, WHAT you need to find.
If you need to find TROPE in the above sentences, then remember what it is and what types of tops are.
THEORY.
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trails are the words used in a figurative sense helping to vividly, figuratively, expressively convey thoughts and feelings, recreate the necessary picture. Remember the main thing: these are words in a figurative sense, that is, in life we cannot “see” this, it seems to us that this is how it happens, this is our vision of the world. |
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Allegory. |
Allegory, with the help of which the essence, signs of a particular image are conveyed. Examples. Themis (woman with scales) - justice. All animals in fables, fairy tales are an image of people with similar characters. |
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Hyperbola |
Exaggeration of something - properties, signs and other things. Example. In a hundred and forty suns, the sunset was blazing. (V. Mayakovsky) |
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Irony |
From the Greek "pretense". This is a trope in which the true meaning is hidden, this is a slight mockery. Example. Where, smart, you wander the head (appeal to the Donkey in the fable of I. Krylov). |
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Litotes |
An understatement of something, as opposed to hyperbole. Example. Waist not thinner than the neck of a bottle (N.V. Gogol) |
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Metaphor |
This is the transfer of the meaning of the word on an external basis. Metaphor is a hidden comparison. She has something , with what compared, but there is no object of comparison. A metaphor is expanded when a whole picture of a compared object or phenomenon is created. Example. Noble city nest. |
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Metonymy |
This is the transfer of the properties of objects according to their internal similarity (this is the difference from the metaphor, in which the similarity is external). There are different cases of transfer on an internal basis, the connection between objects: 1.between object and material 2.between content and containing. 3.between action and instrument of action. 5. Between the place and the people there. Examples. 1. Not on silver, on gold (A. Griboyedov). 2. Eat a spoonful. Have a cup. 3. His pen breathes revenge. 4. I read Tolstoy, I listen to Tchaikovsky. 5. The whole school came out for the subbotnik. |
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Personification. |
The endowment of inanimate objects is endowed with the properties of living things - the ability to think, feel, experience. Example. It is raining. Spring came. Nature rejoices. |
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Synecdoche |
This is the transfer of meaning on a quantitative basis: when the plural is used instead of the singular and vice versa, a part instead of the whole. When a person as a whole is spoken of through his detail (clothes, appearance, character traits). Examples: Best of all, save a penny (N.V. Gogol). And you, blue uniforms. (M.Yu. Lermontov about the gendarmes). |
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Comparison. |
Do not confuse comparison with metaphor. In comparison, there is what is being compared, and then what is being compared to. Unions are often used: like, like, like. Example. He says a word - the nightingale sings. |
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Epithet |
figurative definition. In another way, this is a definition denoting the quality of an object that cannot be seen in life. Remember! Epithets are not always adjectives, there may be other parts of speech. Examples. dissuaded by the grove golden birch, cheerful language (S. Yesenin) .. Grass all around funny bloomed. ... when the first spring thunder, as it were frolicking and playing rumbles in the blue sky (Tyutchev). |
Step 2
If you need to find lexical means , then among the words of the proposed list you need to look for the following terms.
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Word types by meaning Synonyms - these are words of one part of speech that differ in shades of meaning and stylistic application in speech (magnificent, excellent, amazing, luxurious, excellent, wonderful, cool, super). Contextual synonyms - these are words that are synonymous only in the given context. For example: by nature it was kind, soft woman. Synonyms of these words outside the text: Kind - cordial, sincere, compassionate, humane, etc. Soft - plump, plastic, elastic, fluffy. Antonyms - these are words that are opposite in meaning (reject - approve, original - fake, stale - sympathetic). Contextual antonyms - these are words that are antonyms only in the given context. The opposition of such words is a purely individual author's decision. For example: one day is the whole life, wolves are sheep, a poet is a poet. Homonyms - these are words that are spelled the same, but have completely different meanings (girl's scythe and scythe as an agricultural tool). Paronyms are words that are similar in spelling and sound, but have different meanings (great - majestic, spectacular - effective). Types of words by area of use Common words - these are words whose meaning is known to all the people, to all speakers of a given language (sky, school, blue, walk, beautiful, etc.) Dialectisms - these words are used by residents of a certain area (“sadnova” - that is, constantly, used in the outback of the Volga region). Professionalisms (or special vocabulary) - these words are used by people of a certain profession (syringe, scalpel - by doctors; root, morphology, syntax - by teachers of the Russian language). Terms – names of certain concepts that are used in a particular field of knowledge (for example: function, democracy) jargon - these are words and expressions that are used in social groups during informal communication (for example: glitch, hack - computer jargon, that is, slang; xiva, malyava-thieves' jargon; teacher, triplet, homework-school; Types of words by origin Outdated vocabulary (archaisms ) are obsolete words that have come out of constant speech, as over time they have been replaced by other words (eyes - eyes, cheeks - cheeks). historicisms - these are obsolete words that have fallen into disuse due to the disappearance of the phenomena they denoted. These words can be used to describe a historical era (chain mail, over the knee boots). Neologisms - new words that have recently emerged in the language and have not lost their novelty. Over time, these words move into a group of commonly used ones. So quite recently, neologisms were the words: computer, tablet, mobile phone, smartphone, but today they are already moving into the category of commonly used ones. native Russian words - words that arose in ancient times among the Eastern Slavs, Old Slavonicisms (sweet, enemy, know) Borrowed words (foreign language) - By origin, these words are borrowed from other languages. Often this happens during the period of economic, cultural communication, the relationship of countries and peoples. (For example, hyperbole is a word of Greek origin, modernization is French). barbarisms- these are foreign words that have entered the Russian language, but are always perceived as alien. They are often used to describe foreign life, etiquette, etc. (For example: monsieur, boyfriend, business woman). Types of words by areas of use Stylistically neutral vocabulary - these are words that are not attached to a specific style of speech (compare: fragrant - fragrant, evidence - arguments) Book vocabulary - used in book styles: scientific literature, official business, journalistic style (for example: declarative, calculate, conjuncture) colloquial vocabulary - words used in oral speech, often in everyday communication (braggart, reader, bully.) colloquial words- these are words of colloquial vocabulary, but having their own characteristics: Violating language norms (traNway instead of tramway, quarter instead of quarter) Violating moral standards, rude words (head, drag) Vulgar, swear words that offend a person. Emotionally colored words (expressive vocabulary, evaluative vocabulary) are words that express attitudes towards others, phenomena, actions, positive and negative (for example: friend, strength, gate, guardian). Phraseologisms - stable phrases that are equal in meaning to one word. From the point of view of stylistic coloring, phraseological units are: Colloquial: run headlong - quickly, work carelessly - be lazy Book: apple of discord, finest hour Colloquial: twist brains, foolish head. |
Step 3
If you need to determine which reception (figure of speech) uses the author, then look for the following tricks.
A figure is a part of a sentence that plays a specific function in it (this is where syntax comes into play). The figure is an expressive syntactic construction that conveys the expression of the text.
Note: some figures of speech can also be syntactic means (rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, etc.).
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Figures of speech tricks). |
Definitions. Examples. |
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Anaphora |
The repetition of words or combinations of words at the beginning of sentences or lines of poetry. Example. The winds did not blow in vain, The storm was not in vain. |
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Epiphora |
The opposite of anaphora: the repetition of words or phrases at the end of lines or sentences. Example. Your truth is our truth, Motherland! Your glory is our glory. Motherland! |
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Antithesis |
Contrasting phenomena and concepts. Often based on the use of antonyms. The living and the dead. Who was nobody, he will become everything. |
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gradation |
This is a technique that allows you to betray events, feelings, actions in the process of their development - in increasing or decreasing significance. Example. I came, I saw, I conquered! I do not regret, do not call, do not cry. |
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Inversion |
Reverse word order. In Russian, the direct order is: definition, subject, predicate, addition. The circumstance has a different position in the sentence. Example. There lived a grandfather and a woman. I came to school one day. Doorman past he's an arrow He flew up the marble steps. |
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Oxymoron |
A combination of incompatible words. Examples. Dead Souls. Bitter joy. Ringing silence. |
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Syntax parallelism |
Similar construction of sentences in syntactic terms. Example. We have a road for young people everywhere, The old man is respected everywhere. |
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Paraphrase. |
From Greek, description. This is the use of a description of an object, phenomenon, person, instead of its name. Examples. (Tolstoy). Writer of these lines (I). Foggy Albion (England.) King of beasts (lion). |
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Default |
Example. I myself am not one of those Who is subject to the charms of strangers. I myself ... But, however, in vain I don't give out my secrets. |
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Parceling. |
A technique in which a sentence is divided into several. First comes a sentence with the main meaning, and after it - incomplete sentences that complement it. This technique is used to enhance the expressiveness and significance of words. Example. He saw me and froze. Surprised. Stopped talking. |
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Association or asyndeton |
A technique in which unions are omitted. This gives speech dynamism, helps to recreate a quick change in the actions of heroes, pictures. Example. Swede, Russian, stabs, cuts, cuts. |
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Polyunion or polysyndeton |
Intentional increase in unions in a sentence. This allows you to slow down speech, highlight some words, enhance the expressiveness of the created image. Example. The ocean was moving before my eyes, and swaying, and thundering, and sparkling, and fading away. |
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Rhetorical exclamations. |
Using exclamatory sentences to not only express your feelings, but also to betray them to readers, to evoke the same ones in response. Example. What a summer, what a summer! Yes, it's just magic! |
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Rhetorical questions. |
These are questions that do not require an answer. The author either answers them himself, or wants readers to think about the question. They create the illusion of conversation. Such questions are addressed to all people. Often used in fiction or journalistic literature. Example. Who hasn't cursed the stationmasters, who hasn't scolded them? |
Step 4
Finally, if you need to find syntactic means, then remember, they are associated with punctuation marks, they are separated by commas, dashes, a question mark or exclamation point, etc.
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Facilities |
Definitions Examples Homogeneous members are able to vividly recreate the picture of events, both the external and internal properties of the subject of description, and the whole gamut of feelings. Example. Nature helps to fight loneliness, overcome despair, impotence, forget enmity, envy, deceit of friends.
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Series of homogeneous members |
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Introductory words. |
Introductory words are diverse in meaning. The skillful use of these meanings will help to express the shades of feelings, and systematize thoughts, and highlight the main, important Example. Probably, there, in their native places, as in childhood, it smells amazingly of flowers, the largest daisies from which you can weave wonderful bouquets. |
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Question-answer form of presentation. |
This is a technique in which the author's thoughts are presented in the form of questions and answers. Example. Why do you need to teach children to read the right books from childhood, you ask? And I will answer: to become a real person, worthy of the right to be called that. |
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Rhetorical appeals |
Rhetorical appeals are often used in journalistic speech to draw attention to the problem, to call for action. Example. Citizens, let's make our city green and cozy! |
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Separate members. |
Separate members allow you to more clearly, specifically, in detail, emotionally describe something, talk about something. They help clarify, enhance the overall impression of the content of the text. Example. In my native places, the reeds still rustle, which made me with their rustle, their own and prophetic whispers the poet that I have become. |
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exclamatory sentences. |
Examples. Mercy is an amazing property of the human soul! It is necessary to cultivate mercy in childhood! |
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Citation |
Using a quote from a work or a statement by a famous person to confirm your thoughts. Example. Gorky wrote: "Man - it sounds proud!". |
Use hints.
In the task you can often find hidden hints.
- The hint is already what you are asked to find trope, lexical or syntactic device.
- Often examples (for example, epithets) are given in brackets, you need to remember the name of such a tool.
- Can help and word forms, for example, “used” is a feminine word, so it is clear that the terms masculine and neuter will not work here.
Consider an example.
Read the review snippet. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.
“When discussing the topic of creativity and “finding yourself”, the author uses such a technique as (A) _____ (sentences 8-9; 17-18). What can hinder a creative person? Used in the 13th sentence (B) _____ give, in the opinion of the author, the answer to this question. Speaking about which professions can be considered creative and which cannot, V. Belov uses (B)_____ in the 20th sentence. This makes it possible to prepare the reader to understand the next, 21st sentence. In addition, (D)_____ is widely used in the text, for example, “need”, “personality”, “orientation”, “principles”, etc.”
List of terms:
1) comparative turnover
2) litote
3) antonyms
4) irony
5) colloquial vocabulary
6) rows of homogeneous members
7) question-answer form of presentation
8) socio-political vocabulary
9) rhetorical question
10) exclamatory sentences
EXPLANATION.
A) Reception-7 (question-answer).
(8) Why, over the years, creativity gradually disappears from our lives, why the creative principle is preserved and develops not in each of us ? (9) Roughly speaking, because we either didn’t do our job (didn’t find ourselves, our face, our talent), or didn’t learn how to live and work (didn’t develop talent).
B) Answer-6, rows of homogeneous members.
(17) Why, in fact, is considered creative only life and artist or artist? (18) After all artist and artist can be in any business.
(13) Slim ascent, creative emancipation personality can interfere with any soulful, family, community or global discord, any sevryaditsa which, by the way, are different.
C) Antonyms-3.
(20) The halo of the exclusivity of a particular profession, the division of labor according to principles such as "honorable-dishonorable" "interesting-not interested" just encourages the idea of the inaccessibility of creativity for everyone and for everyone. (21) But this suits the supporters of personality leveling quite well, who single out the faceless crowd of mediocre people and oppose talented people to it.
G)Socio-political vocabulary - 8 (need, "personality", "orientation", "principles").
Answer: 7638.
Algorithm for completing task No. 26.
Language means of expression .
- Learn the meaning of terms, practice finding them in the test. This is the first condition for a good job.
- Be clear term groups: tropes, lexical, syntactic means, techniques (figures).
- Read the task carefully. It often already happens clue.
- If you need to find TRAILS, select them for yourself from the list. Remember these are words in a figurative sense.
- Try to find the one that is in these offers.
- The range of terms from the list has been reduced. We are looking for the following means of expression, for example, syntactic. From the list we find something that is somehow connected with punctuation marks.
- Further, the circle of terms became even narrower. Looking for, for example, lexical means(these are synonyms, antonyms, phraseological units, different vocabulary).
- But it also happens that it is not indicated whichResources need to be sought (lexical, syntactic). Then look to the hint in brackets.
In the example above we read: “in the text it is widely used a (D)_____, for example, "need", "personality", "orientation", "principles", etc.".
As you can see, there is no clear indication of what to look for, but the words are given in brackets, in addition, the word “used” is in f. kind. Therefore, “political vocabulary” is suitable here.< Назад
The USE in Russian consists of two parts and 25 tasks.
First part represents 24 tasks. They can be test, the choice of one or more answers, open type (enter the pass yourself).
The answer to the tasks of part 1 is given by the corresponding entry in the form of a number (number) or a word (several words), a sequence of numbers (numbers) written without spaces, commas and other additional characters.
The tasks of Part 1 test the assimilation of educational material by graduates at both basic and advanced levels of complexity (tasks 7, 23–24).
Second part - consists of one task - 25. This task involves writing an essay based on the read and analyzed text.
The task of part 2 (task 25 - composition) can be completed by the examinee at any level of complexity (basic, advanced, high).
210 minutes - 3.5 hours are given for work.
Distribution of tasks by parts of the examination paper
| Parts of work | Number of tasks | Maximum primary score | Job type |
| 1 part | 24 | 33 | Short answer |
| part 2 | 1 | 24 | Detailed response |
| Total | 25 | 57 |
Scattering by tasks
Below I will give the "cost" of each task performed.
For the correct completion of each task first part (except tasks 1, 7, 15 and 24) the examiner receives 1 point each. For an incorrect answer or its absence, 0 points are set.
For completing tasks 1 and 15, from 0 to 2 points can be set.
The answer is considered correct if it contains all the numbers from the standard and there are no other numbers.
Task 7 can be assigned from 0 to 5 points.
For each correctly indicated digit corresponding to the number from the list, the examinee receives 1 point (5 points: no errors; 4 points: one mistake was made; 3 points: two mistakes were made; 2 points: two numbers are correctly indicated; 1 point: correctly indicated only one number 0 points: completely wrong answer, i.e. wrong sequence of numbers or none.
Task 24 can be assigned from 0 to 4 points. The answer is considered correct if it contains all the numbers from the standard and there are no other numbers.
The maximum number of points that an examinee can receive if he correctly completed the task second part , is 24 points.
For the correct completion of all tasks of the examination paper, you can get the maximum 57 primary points .
