Lexical means of expression in lyrics. "Liveness, emotionality, expressiveness of speech Word-symbols in a poetic text

Composition

You marvel at the treasures of our language: every sound is a gift; everything is grainy, large, like pearls themselves, and, really, there is another name for an even more precious thing itself. N. V. Gogol. Learn to speak "in your own words" ... What is the secret of words that create an atmosphere of ease, affect the feelings of interlocutors, give special expressiveness to their speech? And on the other hand, what words deprive speech of lively, emotional colors? The first condition for liveliness of speech is the use of words that are stylistically justified in a particular situation.

On the podium, the speaker turns to journalistic, bookish vocabulary, and in a conversation with a friend, he prefers colloquial words. The use of words with bright emotional and expressive coloring enlivens speech. Such words not only name concepts, but also reflect the attitude of the speaker towards them. For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lily. These adjectives are emotionally colored: in them, a positive assessment distinguishes them from the stylistically neutral word white.

The emotional coloring of the word can also express a negative assessment of the concept being called (blond speaks of an ugly person with blond hair, whose appearance is unpleasant to us). Therefore, emotional vocabulary is called evaluative. The image of feeling for speech also requires special expressive colors. Expressiveness (from Lat. expressio expression) means expressive, expressive expressive. In this case, special stylistic assessments are added to the nominative meaning of the word, enhancing its expressiveness. So, instead of the word good, we use the more expressive beautiful, wonderful, delightful, etc .; I can say I don't like it, but sometimes we find even stronger words: I hate, I despise, I'm disgusted.

In such cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by expression. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of expressive tension (cf: misfortune - grief - disaster - catastrophe; violent - unrestrained - indomitable - frantic - furious). Vivid expression highlights solemn, rhetorical, poetic words. A special expression distinguishes the words playful, ironic, familiar. Expressive shades distinguish words disapproving, dismissive, contemptuous, humiliating, vulgar, abusive. Expressive coloring in a word is superimposed on its emotional and evaluative meaning, and in some words expression prevails, in other words expression prevails, in others emotional coloring.

This is not difficult to determine, trusting your linguistic instinct. Expressive vocabulary can be classified by highlighting: 1) words expressing a positive assessment of the called concepts, and 2) words expressing their negative assessment. The first group will include words high, affectionate, desperate joking; in the second, ironic, disapproving, abusive, etc. We select words in speech, consciously or unconsciously obeying the conditions of communication and trying to influence the interlocutor, taking into account his social position, the nature of our relationship with him, the content of the conversation, etc.

The content of the conversation, the conditions in which the conversation takes place, usually tells us what words to use high or low, solemn or playful. And our speech, accordingly, receives one or another stylistic coloring. In certain cases, the combination in speech of stylistically heterogeneous, even contrasting in their emotionally expressive coloring, language means can be justified.

Mixing styles, as linguists say, usually creates a comic effect, which humorists and satirists know and appreciate. What deprives our speech of liveliness? What makes her colorless, unemotional? First of all, the inability to find words that would accurately convey our feelings, words that would touch a nerve? This inability, or rather, helplessness in dealing with the richest resources of the native language, was formed, unfortunately, even at school, where they teach writing essays according to bad recipes, repeating memorized phrases, answering according to a textbook ... The language of any essay can become expressive and emotional only under the condition that the writer will not repeat memorized phrases, well-known book formulations, but will try to find his own words to express thoughts and feelings. The style will not be colorless if the author turns to emotional, expressive vocabulary, which gives liveliness to the language. Conclusion. The development of world culture has developed the basic communicative qualities of good speech.

Of course, these qualities change and develop, so the concepts of good speech do not coincide in everything in different eras and among representatives of different classes and worldviews. I studied this topic and realized for myself that each person should express his thoughts in such a way that it was impossible not to understand him, namely, precisely, clearly and simply. If the speech is not clear, then it does not reach the goal. In order for speech to be accurate, words should be used in full accordance with the meanings that are assigned to them. Logic is the most important condition for good speech. We must take care that our speech does not violate the laws of logic. Speech is a connected whole, and every word in it, any construction must be purposeful, stylistically appropriate. The same style is not suitable for every social position, not for every place, but in every part of speech, as well as in life, one must always keep in mind what is appropriate.

Every speech has a certain content. The content of speech depends on many conditions that entail a variety of forms of presentation of material. Verbosity or speech redundancy can manifest itself in the use of extra words in a short phrase. Extra words in oral speech indicate the fuzziness, indefinability of the author's ideas about the subject of speech. To achieve speech richness, you need to study the language in its literary and colloquial forms, its style, vocabulary, phraseology, word formation and grammar. The figurativeness of speech is created through the use of words in a figurative sense.

The expressiveness of speech, which is achieved by a clear, clear pronunciation, correct intonation, and skillfully spaced pauses, is essential. Due attention should be paid to the pace of speech, the strength of the voice, the persuasiveness of the tone, as well as the features of oratory: posture, gestures, facial expressions. Good speech is not possible without the appropriate knowledge, skills and abilities. It all comes as a result of labor. To study and be demanding not only to the speech of others, but also to your own above all.

Compositions 1

How do homogeneous verbs-predicates help to “revive” the depicted in the text?

Homogeneous members of a sentence are a common phenomenon in artistic style. They are used in it as a short and expressive device of speech. We will verify this by the example of homogeneous verbs - predicates that help to "revive" what is depicted in our text.

Firstly, we find a large number of homogeneous predicates in sentence 1: “Oleska ... fell out of the bus, kept her balance, straightened her coat, threw a glance and died ...” All these verb-predicates help us vividly imagine what happened in a crowded bus ...

Secondly, homogeneous predicates in the text colorfully convey the content of the events described. So in sentence 44, the author uses the injection of homogeneous verbs-predicates: “the heroine’s resentment disappeared, disappeared, seemed completely insignificant.”

Thus, characterizing the richness of thoughts and feelings, homogeneous verbs-predicates helped in this story to “revive” the depicted.

Composition 2.

Why are neologisms needed in the text?

Neologisms are words created to denote a new object, phenomenon. For example, astronaut, spaceport. Life dictates them to us, but there are neologisms created by the author of a literary work with a specific stylistic goal. For example: “overwind” (A. Blok), “hulk” (V. Mayakovsky). These neologisms often become a strong expressive means in artistic speech.

The second neologism created by A. Pristavkin is the word "human weapon". We have a vivid metaphor for hundreds of people who have pointed their guns "right to the heart of nature" (sentence 17).

Thus, I can conclude that writers, when creating new words, develop word-building thinking in the reader, which helps to penetrate into the inner form of the word.

Essay 3

Why is it appropriate to use introductory words in a reasoning text?

A. Kushner wrote:

“Me, like everyone else, not once, not twice

Saved the introductory words

And more often than others among them

The words "first", "second".

They started from afar

They gave a reason, slowly

Gather your thoughts while

I don't know where the soul was."

As the poet accurately expressed in verse the enormous role of introductory words used both in book and colloquial speech. What is the role of introductory words in the proposed reasoning text?

Firstly, in sentences 2 and 5 I met the introductory words “possibly” and “most likely”, denoting the degree of certainty, the possibility of an assumption.

Secondly, I find the words “firstly” and “secondly” in sentences 9 and 10, which have the meaning of the order of presentation and the connection of thought.

Thirdly, in sentence 15 I come across the expression “in one word”, indicating the reception and method of shaping thoughts.

Fourth, in sentence 16, the introductory word "in your opinion" indicates the source of the message.

Thus, in a reasoning text, introductory words help to more accurately understand what is written, to quickly understand what the author wanted to say.

Essay 4

THE ROLE OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN A ARTISTIC TEXT

Phraseologisms are stable combinations of words used to name individual objects, features, actions. In fiction, they are widely used as visual means. What is the role of phraseological units in this text?

Firstly, I want to note that there are a lot of phraseological units in the passage from the story of K. Paustovsky. Two of them act as synonyms for ordinary words. So in sentence 7, the phraseological unit “cannot be seen” is equal to the expression “bright, remarkable”, and in sentence 12 “out of fashion” - “became unfashionable”. Agree that stable combinations clearly adorned the text!

Secondly, in sentence 15 I meet the phraseological unit “heart contracted”. It determines the state of mind of people who visit the Louvre.

Thirdly, the stable combination “the mountain fell off his shoulders” (sentence 31) also determines the moral state of the boy who has committed a generous deed. This phraseologism is also interesting in that we can at least guess the source of the appearance of this expression. In my opinion, he came into our speech from folklore: either from a fairy tale, or from an epic.

Thus, I can conclude that phraseological units in a literary text play a big role: they make it brighter, more emotional, more expressive.

(173 words)

Essay 5

The role of antonyms in a literary text.

Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that have the opposite meaning. The skillful use of antonyms gives artistic speech a special poignancy. What antonyms can I find in this text?

Firstly, in sentence 6 “The troops march day and night”, antonyms help the writer to show the completeness of the coverage of phenomena, the breadth of spatial and temporal boundaries.

Secondly, in sentence 16 I find antonyms that have gained a stable character, have become a phraseological unit: “neither back nor forward”.

Thus, we can conclude that the author turns to antonyms to achieve the emotionality of speech.

Essay 6

Why do writers use paraphrase in their works?

A paraphrase is a descriptive expression used instead of a particular word. It is distinguished by a bright emotionally expressive coloring. What paraphrases do I find in the proposed text?

Firstly, in an essay dedicated to Pushkin, I come across paraphrases that perform a semantic function in speech, helping the author, when talking about the poet, not to repeat himself. Here in sentence 13 S. Zalygin does not say “Pushkin”, but uses the paraphrase “the sun of Russian poetry”, and in sentence 16 he calls him “the great student of Zhukovsky”.

Secondly, in sentence 26 I find a paraphrase “... a sad time! Eyes charm! Here, this trope, replacing the word "autumn", figuratively characterizes this season.

Thus, writers use paraphrase to, in the words of M.V. Lomonosov, "... it is red to speak of any given matter ...".

Essay 7

Why do literary texts use synonyms?

Synonyms are words of the same part of speech, similar in meaning, but different in spelling, in addition, differing in shades of meaning or stylistic coloring. The children's writer Korney Chukovsky urged his fellow writers to make greater use of the synonymy of the Russian language. What are the synonyms in this text?

Firstly, for a more accurate expression of thought in sentence 3, the author uses synonyms: "The hero sat down on the wet sand, still wet from dew."

Secondly, in sentence 8 I find synonyms that are used to enhance the emotional coloring of the word: “Well, you said, well, blurted out!”

Thirdly, in sentence 20, in order to avoid unjustified repetition of the same word, A. Chirve uses synonyms: “After that, she became homesick, sat down on a bench and became sad”

Thus, I can conclude that synonyms make our speech vivid, emotional, help to express thoughts more accurately.

Oct 05 2010

Vocabulary occupies a central place in the system of figurative language means. The word, as is known, is the basic unit of the language, the most noticeable element of its artistic means. And the expressiveness of speech is associated primarily with the word. Many words have the ability to be used in several meanings. This property is called ambiguity, or polysemy. Writers find in ambiguity a source of vivid emotionality, liveliness of speech.

The figurativeness of speech is created through the use of words in a figurative sense. Words and expressions used in a figurative sense and creating figurative representations of objects and phenomena are called tropes. The following tropes are distinguished: a metaphor is a word or expression used in a figurative sense based on similarity.
Another type of tropes is metonymy. This is a word used in a figurative sense based on contiguity.

The epithet is an artistic definition: When would you know how lonely, languidly sweet, insanely happy, I am drunk with grief in my soul ... (A. Fet)

Comparison is the comparison of two phenomena in order to determine one by means of the other.

Personification is the transfer of the properties of living beings to inanimate objects:
Homonyms should not be confused with ambiguity, that is, words that coincide in sound and spelling, but are completely different in meaning: the key is “spring” and the key is “master key”. Different types of homonyms (homophones, homographs, homophores) are also a source of expression

Homonymous rhymes are a bright means of sound play. I. Brodsky brilliantly owned it:

Flickered on the slope of the bank
Near bushes of brick.
Above the pink spire of the bank
The crow curled up, screaming.
(Hills, 1962)

The expressiveness of speech enhances the use of synonyms - words denoting the same concept, but differing in additional semantic shades or stylistic coloring. The beauty and expressiveness of a native speaker's speech can be judged by how he uses synonyms. Without mastering the synonymic richness of the native language, it is impossible to make your speech bright and expressive.

Antonyms occupy a special place in the system of expressive lexical means. Antonyms are different words related to the same part of speech, but having opposite meanings: friend - enemy, heavy - light, sad - fun, love - hate. Not all words have antonyms.

Antonyms are constantly used in antithesis - a stylistic device that consists in a sharp opposition of concepts, positions, states.
Lexical repetition has a powerful emotional impact on the reader, when a key concept in the text is highlighted by repeating a word. In poetic works, such types of lexical repetition as anaphora and epiphora are used as a means of expression. Anaphora is the repetition of individual words or turns at the beginning of the passages that make up the statement.

Epiphora is the repetition of words or phrases at the end of lines.

The words of the Russian language differ in the scope of distribution. Some are used freely, unlimitedly and form the basis of the Russian literary language. Such words are classified as common vocabulary. These are, for example, the names of phenomena, concepts of socio-political life (state, society, development, etc.); economic concepts (finance, credit, bank, etc.); phenomena of cultural life (theater, performance, actor, premiere, exhibition, etc.); household names (house, apartment, family, children, school, etc.).

The other part of the vocabulary is used to a limited extent. Here are the following groups.
Dialectisms are words whose distribution is limited to one or another territory. Russian writers and poets skillfully (and moderately) used dialect words as one of the means of expression.

The vocabulary of limited use also includes the so-called special vocabulary, that is, words used and understood mainly by representatives of a particular science or profession. First of all, terms belong to such vocabulary - words used for the logically accurate name of special concepts, establishing their distinctive features, for example, medical terms: scanning, shunting, inoperable; linguistic terms: polysemy, semantics, morpheme.

In addition to terms, professionalisms are distinguished in special vocabulary, i.e. words and expressions that are not strictly legalized, scientific definitions of certain professional concepts, but are widely used by specialists in a particular field.

The limitedly used vocabulary also includes words called jargon, which form the basis of a special social variety of speech - jargon. These words are used by people united by common interests, habits, occupations, social status, etc. In the language of fiction, elements of jargon are used to characterize certain characters.
The so-called slang, which is characterized by special artificiality, conventionality, and strict secrecy, is also referred to as a limited, little-used vocabulary.

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The expressive possibilities of a word are associated primarily with its semantics, with its use in a figurative sense. There are many varieties of figurative use of words, their common name is paths (Greek tropos - turn; turn, image). The path is based on a comparison of two concepts that seem to our consciousness to be close in some respect. The most common types of tropes are comparison, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, litote, personification, epithet, paraphrase. Thanks to the figurative metaphorical use of the word, imagery of speech is created. Therefore, tropes are usually referred to as means of verbal figurativeness, or pictorial.

Metaphorization - one of the most common ways to create imagery - covers a huge number of commonly used, neutral and stylistically marked words, primarily polysemantic ones. The ability of a word to have not one, but several meanings of a usual nature, as well as the possibility of updating its semantics, its unusual, unexpected rethinking, is the basis of lexical figurative means.

The strength and expressiveness of the tropes is in their originality, novelty, unusualness: the more unusual, original this or that trope, the more expressive it is. Tropes that have lost their imagery over time (for example, general language metaphors such as keen eyesight, the clock is ticking, river arm, bottle neck, warm relationship, iron character or comparisons that have turned into speech clichés, such as reflected as in a mirror; cowardly like a hare; passes through the red thread) do not contribute to the expressiveness of speech.

Vocabulary with emotionally expressive coloring is especially expressive. It affects our feelings, evokes emotions. Let us recall, for example, what vocabulary was used by the excellent connoisseur of native speech I.S. Turgenev in the novel "Fathers and Sons" to characterize the meager, beggarly economy of the peasants: villages with low huts; crooked threshing sheds; shabby men on bad nags etc.

The expressiveness of speech is achieved through a motivated, purposeful collision of words of different functional-style and emotional-expressive coloring. For example, S. Yesenin:

And thoughts go through my head:

What is homeland? Are these dreams? After all, for almost everyone here I am a gloomy pilgrim, God knows what a distant side.

And it's me! I, a citizen of the village, Which will be famous only for that, That here once a woman gave birth to a Russian scandalous piit.

Here are book words thoughts, homeland, pilgrim, piit combined with conversational God knows, is it colloquial woman, official business citizen.

The motivated collision of words from different spheres of use is widely used as one of the most striking means of the comic. Here are examples from newspaper feuilletons: Where did the mentor Tamara, still a very young girl, get such a quivering readiness to immediately be duped by the first charlatan that came across? ( a combination of book poetic vocabulary with vernacular); However, how did the work of the investigative team end, which spent more than two years trying to punish Yambulatov? ( simple. slammed away and book. punish).

In addition to metaphorization and emotionally expressive coloring of a word, polysemantics in their non-figurative meanings, homonyms, synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, restricted vocabulary, archaisms, neologisms, etc. are used as means of expression.

Polysemantic words and homonyms are often used for ironic and parodic purposes, to create puns. To do this, in the same context, homonymous words or different meanings of the same word deliberately collide. For example, in a sentence They scolded the play, they say, it went, but the play went anyway ( E. Krotky) the author collides two homoforms:

1) went - short form of adjective vulgar and 2) went - past tense form of the verb go. Or: And they explained for a long time, // What does a sense of duty mean ( A. Barto).

Many jokes and puns are based on individual author's homonyms: bagel - sheep; carelessness ( tech) - the absence of a stove in the apartment, steam heating; chickenpox ( disapproved) - a frivolous girl; decanter - husband of the countess, etc.

To pay attention to this or that detail, to express a certain attitude to the named object or phenomenon, to evaluate it and, therefore, to enhance the expressiveness of speech allows the skillful use of synonyms. For example: Kudrin laughed. Everything that had happened seemed to him wild delirium, absurdity, chaotic nonsense, which is worth giving up and it will crumble, dissipate like a mirage ( B. Lavrenev). Using the technique of stringing synonyms nonsense - absurdity - nonsense, The author achieves great expressiveness of the narrative.

Synonyms can perform the function of comparison and even opposition of the concepts they denote. At the same time, attention is drawn not to what is common, which is characteristic of similar objects or phenomena, but to the differences between them: Nikitin wanted ... not just to think, but to reflect (Yu. Bondarev).

As an expressive means of creating contrast, sharp opposition, antonyms are used in speech. They underlie the creation of antithesis (Greek antithesis - opposition) - a stylistic figure built on a sharp opposition of words with opposite meanings. This stylistic device is widely used by poets, writers, and publicists to give speech emotionality and extraordinary expressiveness. So, the prologue to A. Blok's poem "Retribution" is entirely built on the opposition of antonymous words beginning - end, hell - paradise, light - darkness, holy - sinful, heat - cold and etc.:

Life is without beginning and end...

Know where the light is, you will understand where the darkness is.

Let everything pass slowly, What is holy in the world, what is sinful in it, Through the heat of the soul, through the coldness of the mind.

Antithesis allows you to achieve aphoristic accuracy in the expression of thought. It is no coincidence that antonymy underlies many proverbs, sayings, figurative expressions, catchphrases. For example: An old friend is better than two new ones; A small deed is better than a big idleness; Learning is light and ignorance is darkness; Bypass us more than all sorrows and lordly anger and lordly love ( A. Griboedov). Antonyms in such cases, creating a contrast, emphasize the thought more clearly, allow you to pay attention to the most important thing, and contribute to the brevity and expressiveness of the statement.

Words-paronyms have considerable expressive possibilities. They serve as a means of creating humor, irony, satire, etc. For example: - He [ great-grandson] studying at a school with a mathematical inclination. - With an inclination where? - With a slope in algebra ( from the dialogue of famous TV heroes Avdotya Nikitichna and Veronika Mavrikievna); When is your wedding procession? - What are you talking about? What card? ( V. Mayakovsky).

A vivid means of expressiveness in artistic and journalistic speech are individual author's neologisms (occasionalisms), which attract the attention of the reader (or listener) with their unexpectedness, unusualness, exclusivity. For example:

Why are you looking away, America? What are your announcers mumbling about? What do they intend to explain to you, super-experienced television nightingales?

(R. Rozhdestvensky);

Tankophobia is gone. Our soldiers are hitting "tigers" with direct fire ( I. Ehrenburg).

Lexical repetitions enhance the expressiveness of speech. They help to highlight an important concept in the text, to delve deeper into the content of the statement, give the speech an emotionally expressive coloring. For example: The hero is the defender, the hero is the winner, the hero is the bearer of all the high qualities in which the popular imagination dresses him ( A.N. Tolstoy); In war, you need to be able to endure grief. Grief feeds the heart like fuel for an engine. Grief fuels hatred. Vile foreigners captured Kyiv. This is the grief of each of us. This is the grief of all the people ( I. Ehrenburg).

Often the same word, used twice, or words with the same root are contrasted in the context and reinforce the subsequent gradation, giving the context a special significance, aphorism: Eternal for times, I am eternal for myself E. Baratynsky); I would be glad to serve - to serve with me is sickening ( A. Griboedov). It is no coincidence that tautological and pleonastic combinations underlie many phraseological units, proverbs and sayings: don't know; saw the views; forever and ever; if yes if only; leave no stone unturned; either way With this; it was and was overgrown; friendship is friendship, and service is service etc.

A living and inexhaustible source of expressiveness of speech are phraseological combinations characterized by figurativeness, expressiveness and emotionality, which allows not only to name an object or phenomenon, but also to express a certain attitude towards it. It is enough to compare, for example, the phraseological units used by A. M. Gorky ask pepper, tear the skin with equivalent words or phrases ( scold, scold, punish; mercilessly, cruelly exploit, oppress someone) to see how much the first is more expressive and figurative than the second: - Only when will we come to the volost? ... - You are a joker! He, the stavoi, will ask pepper; He owns ... he has hundreds of thousands of money, he owns steamships and barges, mills and lands ... he skins a living person ...

Due to their figurativeness and expressiveness, phraseological units can be used unchanged in the usual lexical environment. For example: Chelkash looked around triumphantly: - Of course, they swam out! W-well, you're happy, you stupid bastard! ( M. Gorky). In addition, phrasemes are often used in a transformed form or in an unusual lexical environment, which allows increasing their expressive possibilities. The methods of using and creative processing of phraseological units for each artist of the word are individual and quite diverse. So, for example, Gorky's phrase bend (bend) in three deaths (`cruelly exploit, tyrannize') used in an unusual context, semantically changing it: Next to him, an old soldier... walked Advocate, bent over in three deaths, without a hat..., thrusting his hands deep into his pockets. General language phraseological turnover measure with eyes the writer deliberately dismembers with the help of explanatory words, as a result of which his figurative core stands out more clearly: He [ prisoner] He measured Yefimushka from head to toe with narrowed eyes that burned with malice. A favorite technique for transforming phraseological units in Gorky's early stories is to replace one of the components: fall out of sight ( vocabulary phraseology - disappear from the eyes), bow your head (droop in spirit), tear your nerves (wag your nerves) and etc.

Compare the methods of using phraseological units by V. Mayakovsky: They won’t leave a stone on a stone, they won’t leave a leaf on a leaf, they will beat ( a phraseological idiom is formed according to the model presented in the same context: stone on stone) I would close America, clean it up a bit, and then open it again ( development of the motive given by the phraseological unit).

Increases the expressive possibilities of phraseological units, their ability to enter into synonymous relations with each other. The reduction of phrasemes into a synonymic series or the simultaneous use of lexical and phraseological synonyms significantly enhances the expressive coloring of speech: We are not a couple ... A goose is not a comrade to a pig, a drunk sober is not related ( A. Chekhov); They scratch their tongues all day, wash the bones of their neighbors ( from colloquial speech).

Language means of expression are traditionally called rhetorical figures.

Rhetorical figures - such stylistic turns, the purpose of which is to enhance the expressiveness of speech. Rhetorical figures are designed to make the speech richer and brighter, which means to attract the attention of the reader or listener, arouse emotions in him, make him think. Many philologists have worked on the study of the means of expressiveness of speech, such as

Artistic speech is not a set of some special poetic words and phrases. The language of the people is considered to be the source of turnovers, therefore, in order to create "living pictures" and images, the writer resorts to using all kinds of riches of the folk language, to the subtlest shades of the native word.

Any word, except for the main, direct meaning, denoting the main feature of an object, phenomenon, action (storm, fast driving, hot snow), has a number of other meanings, that is, it is ambiguous. Fiction, in particular lyrical works, is an example of the use of means of expression, the most important source of expressiveness of speech.

At the lessons of the Russian language and literature, schoolchildren learn to find figurative means of language in works - metaphors, epithets, comparisons, and others. They give clarity to the depiction of certain objects and phenomena, but it is precisely such means that cause difficulty both in a thorough understanding of the work and in learning in general. Therefore, an in-depth study of the means is an integral part of the educational process.

Let's look at each path in more detail.

LEXICAL MEANS OF LANGUAGE EXPRESSION

1. Antonyms- different words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning

(good - evil, powerful - powerless).

The opposition of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression, which establishes the emotionality of speech, serves as a means of antithesis: he was weak in body, but strong in spirit. Contextual (or contextual) antonyms are words that are not opposed in meaning in the language and are antonyms only in the text:

Mind and heart - ice and fire- that's the main thing that distinguished this hero.

2. Hyperbole- a figurative expression that exaggerates any action, object, phenomenon. Used to enhance the artistic impression:

Snow fell from the sky in pounds. 3. Litota- the worst understatement: man with nails.

Used to enhance the artistic impression. Individual-author's neologisms (occasionalisms) - due to their novelty, allow you to create certain artistic effects, express the author's view on a topic or problem:

… how can we ourselves ensure that our rights are not expanded at the expense of the rights of others? (A. Solzhenitsyn)

The use of literary images helps the author to better explain any situation, phenomenon, other image:

Grigory was, apparently, the brother of Ilyusha Oblomov. Italic

4. Synonyms- these are words related to the same part of speech, expressing the same concept, but at the same time differing in shades of meaning:

Love is love, friend is friend.

Used Synonyms allow you to more fully express the idea, use. To enhance the feature. Contextual (or contextual) synonyms - words that are synonyms only in the given text:

Lomonosov - a genius - a beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky)

5. Metaphor- a hidden comparison based on the similarity between distant phenomena and objects. At the heart of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of some objects with others that have a common feature. In artistic speech, the author uses metaphors to enhance the expressiveness of speech, to create and evaluate a picture of life, to convey the inner world of the characters and the point of view of the narrator and the author himself. In a metaphor, the author creates an image - an artistic representation of the objects, phenomena that he describes, and the reader understands what kind of similarity the semantic relationship between the figurative and direct meaning of the word is based on:

There were, are, and, I hope, always will be more good people in the world than bad and evil ones, otherwise disharmony would set in the world, it would warp... capsized and sank.

Epithet, personification, oxymoron, antithesis can be considered as a kind of metaphor.

6. Metonymy– transfer of values ​​(renaming) according to the adjacency of phenomena. The most common cases of transfer: a) from a person to his any external signs:

Is lunch coming soon? - asked the guest, referring to the quilted vest; Italic

b) from an institution to its inhabitants:

The entire boarding school recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisarev; Magnificent Michelangelo! (about his sculpture) or. Reading Belinsky...

7. Oxymoron- a combination of contrasting words that create a new concept or idea. This is a combination of logically incompatible concepts, sharply contradictory in meaning and mutually exclusive. This technique sets the reader to the perception of contradictory, complex phenomena, often - the struggle of opposites. Most often, an oxymoron conveys the author's attitude to an object or phenomenon, or gives an ironic connotation:

The sad fun continues...

8. Personification- one of the types of metaphor, when the transfer of a sign is carried out from a living object to an inanimate one. When impersonating, the described object is externally used by a person:

The trees, leaning towards me, stretched out their thin arms. Even more often, actions that are permissible only to people are attributed to an inanimate object: Rain splashed bare feet along the paths of the garden. Pushkin is a miracle.

10. Paraphrase(s)– use of a description instead of a proper name or title; descriptive expression, turn of speech, replacement word. Used to decorate speech, replace repetition:

The city on the Neva sheltered Gogol.

11. Proverbs and sayings used by the author make the speech figurative, apt, expressive.

12. Comparison- one of the means of expressiveness of the language, helping the author to express his point of view, create whole artistic pictures, give a description of objects. In comparison, one phenomenon is shown and evaluated by comparing it with another phenomenon. Comparison is usually joined by conjunctions:

Like, as if, as if, exactly, etc.

but it serves for a figurative description of the most diverse features of objects, qualities, and actions. For example, comparison helps to give an accurate description of a color:

Like the night, his eyes are black.

Often there is a form of comparison expressed by a noun in the instrumental case:

Anxiety snaked its way into our hearts.

There are comparisons that are included in the sentence using words:

similar, similar, reminiscent: ... butterflies are like flowers.

13. Phraseologisms- these are almost always bright expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and pictorial characteristics of heroes, the surrounding reality, use. In order to show the author's attitude to events, to a person, etc.:

people like my hero have a divine spark.

Phraseologisms have a stronger effect on the reader.

14. Quotes from other works they help the author to prove any thesis, the position of the article, show his passions and interests, make the speech more emotional, expressive:

A.S. Pushkin like first love", will not forget not only "Russian heart" but also world culture.

15. Epithet- a word that highlights in an object or phenomenon any of its properties, qualities or signs. An epithet is an artistic definition, i.e. colorful, figurative, which emphasizes some of its distinctive properties in the word being defined. Any meaningful word can serve as an epithet, if it acts as an artistic, figurative definition for another:

chatterbox forty, fatal hours. eagerly peers; listens frozen;

but most often epithets are expressed using adjectives used in a figurative sense:

sleepy, tender, loving eyes.

16. Gradation- a stylistic figure, concluding in a consequent injection or, conversely, weakening of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors and other expressive means of artistic speech:

For the sake of your child, for the sake of the family, for the sake of the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world!

Gradation is ascending (strengthening of the feature) and descending (weakening of the feature).

17. Antithesis- a stylistic device that consists in a sharp opposition of concepts, characters, images, creating the effect of a sharp contrast. It helps to better convey, depict contradictions, contrast phenomena. It serves as a way of expressing the author's view of the described phenomena, images, etc.

18. Tautology- repetition (better, the author's words are the words of the author) Colloquial vocabulary adds complement. Expressive-emotional. Coloring (put, deny, reduce) can give a playful, ironic, familiar attitude to the subject.

19. Historicisms-words that have fallen out of use along with the concepts they denoted

(chain mail, coachman)

20. Archaisms- words that are in modern. Rus. The language is replaced by other concepts.

(mouth-mouth, cheeks-cheeks)

In the works of the artist Lit. They help to recreate the color of the era, are a means of speech characteristics, or can be used as a means of comic

21. Borrowings- Words - to create humor, a nominative function, give a national. Coloring brings the reader closer to the language of the country whose life is described.

SYNTACTIC MEANS OF EXPRESSION

1. Exclamation particles- a way of expressing the emotional mood of the author, a method of creating an emotional pathos of the text:

Oh, how beautiful you are, my land! And how good are your fields!

Exclamatory sentences express the emotional attitude of the author to the described (anger, irony, regret, joy, admiration):

Disgraceful attitude! How can you save happiness!

Exclamatory sentences also express a call to action:

Let's save our soul as a shrine!

2. Inversion- Reverse word order in a sentence. In direct order, the subject precedes the predicate, the agreed definition is before the word being defined, the inconsistent definition is after it, the addition is after the control word, the adverb of the mode of action is before the verb:

The youth of today quickly realized the falsity of this truth.

And with inversion, the words are arranged in a different order than is established by grammatical rules. This is a strong expressive means used in emotional, excited speech:

Beloved homeland, my native land, should we take care of you!

3. Polyunion- a rhetorical figure, consisting in the deliberate repetition of coordinating conjunctions for the logical and emotional selection of the enumerated concepts, the role of each is emphasized .:

And the thunder did not strike, and the sky did not fall on the earth, and the rivers did not overflow from such grief!

4. Parceling- a technique for dividing a phrase into parts or even into separate words. Its purpose is to give speech intonational expression by its abrupt pronunciation:

The poet suddenly stood up. Turned pale.

5. Repeat- the conscious use of the same word or combination of words in order to enhance the meaning of this image, concept, etc.:

Pushkin was a sufferer, a sufferer in the full sense of the word.

6. Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations- a special means of creating the emotionality of speech, expressing the author's position.

Who hasn't cursed the stationmasters, who hasn't scolded them? Who, in a moment of anger, did not demand from them a fatal book in order to write in it their useless complaint of oppression, rudeness and malfunction? What summer, what summer? Yes, it's just magic!

7. Syntactic parallelism- the same construction of several adjacent sentences. With its help, the author seeks to highlight, emphasize the expressed idea: Mother is an earthly miracle. Mother is a sacred word. The combination of short simple sentences and long complex or complex sentences helps to convey the pathos of the article, the emotional mood of the author.

« 1855 The zenith of Delacroix's glory. Paris. Palace of Fine Arts ... in the central hall of the exposition - thirty-five paintings of the great romantic.

One-part, incomplete sentences make the author's speech more expressive, emotional, enhance the emotional pathos of the text:

A human babble. Whisper. The rustle of dresses. Quiet steps ... Not a single stroke, - I hear the words. - No smears. How alive.

8. Anaphora, or monotony is the repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence. It is used to strengthen the expressed thought, image, phenomenon:

How to describe the beauty of the sky? How to tell about the feelings that overwhelm the soul at this moment?

9. Epiphora- the same ending of several sentences, reinforcing the meaning of this image, concept, etc.:

I have been going to you all my life. I have believed in you all my life. I have loved you all my life.

10. Water words are used to express

confidence (of course), uncertainty (maybe), various feelings (fortunately), source of the statement (according to words), order of events (firstly), evaluation (to put it mildly), to attract attention (you know, you understand, listen)

11.Appeals- used to name the person to whom the speech is addressed, to attract the attention of the interlocutor, and also to express the attitude of the speaker to the interlocutor

(Dear and dear mother! - common appeal e)

12. Homogeneous members of the proposal- their use helps to characterize the object (by color, shape, quality ...), focus on some point

13. Sentence words

- Yes! But how! Certainly! Used in colloquial speech, express strong feelings of motivation.

14. Isolation- is used to highlight or clarify part of the statement:

(At the fence, at the very gate ...)