Instructions for use Ultra‑D. Aquadetrim vitamin D3 Drops d 3 instructions for use

Hello my dear nutrition experts. I decided to devote today's article to the "solar element" - this is vitamin D3. Its international name is cholecalciferol. This element is very important for the full functioning of the body. Moreover, it is necessary for both adults and kids.

Our body produces most of this important element on its own. It does this by converting sunlight into chemicals. Under the influence of UV rays, cholecalciferol (well, it is also vitamin D3) is formed in the skin. It then binds to a vitamin D-binding protein and travels to the liver. There he is given the "good" to spread throughout our body. This is such an adventurous story 🙂

This element affects the structure of the skeleton. Also, pressure, immunity, mood, brain function and the ability to protect against cancer depend on its presence ( 1 ).

Vitamin D takes part in various vital processes:

  • regulates, supports the immune and nervous systems;
  • reduces the risk of developing multiple sclerosis;
  • maintains optimal body weight;
  • reduces the severity and frequency of asthma symptoms;
  • reduces the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis in women;
  • important for bone health;
  • reduces the risk of heart disease, diabetes and certain types of cancer;
  • necessary for the absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus;
  • participates in the work of endocrine glands.

A derivative of vitamin D3 in pharmaceuticals are products of animal or vegetable origin. In animal form, it is a more digestible and useful form. It is produced by irradiating animal oils and cholesterol. It is absorbed up to 500 times faster than its plant counterpart. And was rated 4 times more effective.

How long does it take to be in the sun

Up to 95% of this element can be obtained naturally from sunlight. Your skin produces vitamin D when it comes into contact with UV rays. That is why it is called the "solar" element. But nowadays, most people experience deficiency symptoms. The two most common reasons for this are:

  1. Frequent stay indoors. Previously, people worked most of the time outdoors and walked a lot. Today we see a different picture. Even children spend too many hours indoors watching TV or playing video games. And most adults work and spend their leisure time indoors. Moreover, being in the shade and cloudy weather can reduce the synthesis of provitamin by 60% ( 2 ).
  2. Applying sunscreen. When we spend time in the sun, many people put on SPF protection. Yes, I will not argue - the risk of developing skin cancer has increased in recent years. And doctors strongly recommend using it for children and adults, even during the winter months. But when you apply a cream even with SPF8, the body's ability to produce vitamin D is reduced by 90%. And a product with a higher SPF 30 reduces D3 production by up to 99%.

Therefore, try to be in the sun for at least 15 minutes a day. It is better to do this in the morning. Then the possible negative consequences will be minimized. But you will get a lot of this important vitamin for free 🙂

Deficiency symptoms

Many doctors are beginning to realize that vitamin deficiency is very serious. No wonder it is one of the most recommended supplements, especially for newborns.

For infants and infants, the deficiency of this element is very dangerous. It leads to serious problems. For example, it can provoke the development of a rickety chest. Another negative manifestation is that the baby's head develops a square shape. Kyphosis (this is the “frog belly”) and O-shaped legs may also be observed. In schoolchildren, a low content of vitamin D3 is manifested by vision problems and fatigue.

The presence of vitamin D deficiency is difficult to detect. Because the general symptoms are vague, such as fatigue, body aches or pain. More serious deficiency symptoms are bone pain and general weakness. It is important to remember that sometimes these signs may not appear. That is why it is important to take a blood test to check your levels of this element.

According to studies, vitamin D deficiency can lead to complications of the following diseases:

  • osteoporosis;
  • heart disease and high blood pressure;
  • depression, insomnia;
  • arthritis;
  • diabetes;
  • asthma;
  • multiple sclerosis;
  • psoriasis;
  • fibromyalgia;
  • slow healing fractures.

By the way, this video will tell you a lot of interesting things about the consequences of the deficiency of this element. Take a look.

Best Sources of Vitamin D

The best source is sunlight. Most experts recommend spending at least 10-20 minutes a day in direct sunlight. However, they do not recommend applying sunscreen. So you will get from 1000 IU to 10000 IU. If you are dark-skinned, you will need more time in the sun to get enough of the vitamin. Because dark skin has more protection from sun exposure.

The best time for such sunbathing in summer is before 11 am and after 4 pm. And in winter, go outside more often, especially when the sun comes out.

There is also a category of foods that are rich in the "solar" element. In northern countries, including ours, it is necessary to include these products in your diet. I will give those that contain a large amount of D3. The table below will tell you which foods contain the most cholecalciferol. The percentage is given at a consumption rate of 10 mcg (400 IU).

Because element D is a fat-soluble vitamin, it should ideally be consumed with fat. This is for better absorption of cholecalciferol. For example, you can eat with ghee or vegetable oil, nuts or seeds. Those who live in the Nordic countries (we include them) are additionally recommended to take supplements.

Because it improves calcium absorption, some manufacturers supplement with this mineral in tandem. For example, Calcium D3 Nycomed.

Instructions for use

The lack of a "solar" cell is now a growing problem around the world. It is especially serious in Western and Northern countries. They recently increased the recommended daily intake of vitamin D. Double the amount was prescribed for newborns, children and adolescents.

In our country, the daily norm of this element is as follows:

For children

For adults:

Yes, the dosage can be written in different units of measurement - IU or mcg. So know that for vitamin D3 1 mcg = 40 IU.

According to some doctors, the above dosage should be increased significantly. Since we are indoors most of the time and rarely go outside. Yes, and the northern region of residence affects the great need for this element. This is especially true in the autumn-winter-spring periods. Therefore, doctors recommend increasing the rate for adults (women and men) to 800-5000 IU per day.

However, keep in mind that these are general guidelines. I am reading now transcend book according to new researches of our body. The first thing they say is that you need to take an analysis for the norm of vitamins. And I wanted to explore myself. When I pass, I will write you a mini-report 🙂

In addition to multivitamins, I also take an aqueous solution of Aquadetrim for the time being. It was prescribed by my pediatrician for my son. He was born in September and just found the last sunny days. For kids, it is convenient to take. I dilute 1 drop in water, which contains 500 IU. Just the norm for babies. Even if you drop 2 drops, do not worry, the child will not overdose. You can buy in a pharmacy, the price is about 180 rubles.

As I began to study the material about D3, I realized that we are greatly short of it. I decided to find out which one is better to take. I realized that the oil solution is better absorbed, since this vitamin is fat-soluble. Recommended supplements in capsules. So for myself and my husband I will buy something else, and not rub its aqueous solution from the cheese 🙂

Now I buy multivitamins on iherb. They are cheaper than in a pharmacy even with discounts. The same Solgar can be bought 2 times cheaper, plus you can look at the reviews and choose the best option in terms of price / quality ratio. There are different options - with a dosage of 5000 or 10000 IU. How to take and how much is written on the package. Here are some examples

Overdose

It is important to know everything about this element. How much and how to give to babies, as well as how to take adults. The main symptoms of an overdose are as follows:

  • vomiting, nausea;
  • malaise;
  • exhausting headache;
  • sleep disturbance;
  • loss of appetite;
  • pain in the bones and muscles;
  • protein in the urine.

With an overdose of vitamin D3, the level of calcium and phosphorus increases. As a result, the risk of developing pathology of the kidneys, cartilaginous tissues and blood vessels increases.

Although an overdose of this vitamin is very unlikely. Unless you will take it 600,000 IU every day for 3 months. From the sun, we do not have an overdose. Unless, of course, you will lie like a seal on the beach all day. Then nausea, weakness and other symptoms will definitely appear. Although against the background of burnt skin, you are unlikely to notice them 🙂

Top 7 Benefits of Vitamin D

All vitamins are very useful for our health. But this element deserves special attention. I will give its most basic positive properties.

  1. Promotes bone health. Vitamin D plays an important role in the absorption of calcium into the bones. D deficiency can lead to softening of the bones or rickets. It also increases the risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures. Studies have shown that D improves musculoskeletal health and reduces the incidence of falls and fractures in the elderly ( 3 ).
  2. Helps regulate sugar levels. Diabetes is a consequence of a lack of insulin or insufficient secretion of insulin after an increase in insulin resistance. According to research, vitamin D may help maintain secretion ( 4 ). Supplementation increases insulin sensitivity and helps reduce inflammation. Many studies support the positive role of vitamin D in the prevention and treatment of both types of diabetes ( 5 ).
  3. Protects against cancer. Symptoms of D deficiency are associated with an increased risk of cancer. This is especially true for breast, colon, and prostate cancers ( 6 ). The effect of the vitamin on cancer risk arises from its role in the cellular life cycle. And its ability to block excess estrogen plays an important role ( 7 ).
  4. Helps fight heart disease. A growing number of studies point to the fact that a lack of D increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. After all, it is involved in the regulation of pressure, cholesterol levels and inflammation. It is not yet fully understood whether vitamin D prevents heart disease. But one thing is known: people with a deficiency of this element are more likely to die from coronary heart disease.
  5. Improves the immune system. The vitamin plays a role in protecting against colds, flu, and the development of autoimmune conditions. Immune cells contain receptors for vitamin D, which prevents prolonged and excessive inflammatory responses. After all, inflammation is often the cause of many chronic and autoimmune diseases ( 8 ).
  6. Improves mood. Element D acts like a hormone within our body, affecting brain function. Its deficiency is directly related to anxiety, mood disorder, depression, insomnia, mood problems in PMS ( 9 ). Low D levels interfere with the proper production of testosterone and estrogen. And this leads to an imbalance, as a result of which many undesirable symptoms appear. Girls who have painful PMS, include D3 supplements in your diet.
  7. Helps with concentration and memory. Several studies have shown that the D element affects the ability to make decisions, concentrate and retain information. People with low levels of this vitamin perform poorly in exams, have difficulty with tasks that require attention ( 10 ). This is probably why it is so difficult to study, take exams in winter and early spring 🙂

Interaction with other drugs

Due to the intake of barbiturates, the body's need for vitamin D3 increases. Therefore, during the period of therapy, additional supplements of cholecalciferol should be prescribed. Colestipol and cholestyramine have a similar effect on the oily vitamin.

Simultaneous administration of D3 with diuretics increases the risk of hypercalcemia. And if glycosides and D3 are prescribed, there may be disturbances in the work of the heart.

The effectiveness of cholecalciferol is reduced by antiepileptic drugs and glucocorticosteroids. During therapy with antacids containing magnesium or aluminum, and taking D3, the toxicity of the former increases.

Now, my friends, you know what this wonder substance is good for. And you can, if necessary, replenish its reserves in the body with the help of food. In order not to miss anything that I am going to tell you in the next post, . That's all for today: see you soon.

(vitamin D3 ).

Additional components: sucrose, macrogol glyceryl ricinoleate, sodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate, anise flavor, citric acid monohydrate, benzyl alcohol, water.

Release form

Colorless, transparent drops for internal use with an anise scent. 10 ml of these drops in a dark glass bottle with a stopper in the form of a dropper, one bottle in a cardboard box.

pharmachologic effect

A drug that normalizes metabolism calcium And phosphorus .

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

Pharmacodynamics

Vitamin D3 is a well-known active anti-rachitic agent. Its most important function is to regulate metabolism. phosphates And calcium - this stimulates the growth of the skeleton and its mineralization.

Vitamin D3 is the physiological form of vitamin D , which is synthesized in the human skin under the action of the sun. It has 25% more pronounced activity compared to vitamin D2 .

Colecalciferol plays an important role in absorption calcium And phosphates in the organs of the digestive tract, in the transport of salts, in the processes of ossification and excretion phosphates And calcium with urine.

Being in the blood calcium in the required concentrations it is necessary to maintain myocardial function, skeletal muscle tone, blood coagulation processes, conduction of an impulse of nervous excitation, the functioning of the parathyroid glands, the functioning of the immune system (affects the synthesis lymphokines ).

deficit vitamin D in the food taken, violation of its absorption, insufficient exposure to ultraviolet rays and calcium deficiency during the period of growth of the child often leads in children, in adults to softening of the bone tissue, and in pregnant women, symptoms may occur tetany and violations of calcification of the bone tissue of newborns.

Pharmacokinetics

After taking cholecalciferol actively absorbed from the intestine. Undergoes transformation in the liver and kidneys. Penetrates through the placenta and can be excreted during lactation. accumulates in the body. The half-life reaches several days. It is excreted by the kidneys in small quantities, the main part is excreted in the bile.

Indications for use

Warning and treatment:

  • rickets and rickets-like diseases;
  • lack vitamin D ;
  • hypocalcemic tetany ;
  • osteopathy metabolic genesis ( And pseudohypoparathyroidism );
  • osteomalacia ;
  • therapy (as part of multicomponent therapy).

Contraindications

  • hypercalcemia;
  • hypervitaminosis D;
  • hypercalciuria;
  • kidney disease;
  • less than 4 weeks old;
  • lungs in active form;
  • to the components of the tool (especially to benzyl alcohol or vitamin D3 ).

This drug should be used with caution in patients in a state of immobilization, with pregnancy And lactation , when receiving cardiac glycosides, thiazides , in infants (when a small size of the anterior crown is revealed from birth).

Side effects

Oversupply Symptoms vitamin D : nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting, constipation, dry mouth, weakness, polyuria , mental disorder, weight loss, sleep disturbance, temperature increase, hyaline casts, increased content calcium in blood, vascular calcification , kidneys or lungs.

When the first symptoms appear hypervitaminosis D it is recommended to stop the drug, if possible, prevent the intake of calcium and start taking vitamins C, A And IN .

Akvadetrim, instructions for use (Method and dosage)

Instructions for use Aquadetrim advises to set the dose individually, taking into account the values vitamin D3 , which is formed from the food received by the patient vitamin D . The agent is dissolved in 1 tablespoon of water. One drop of Aquadetrim includes 500 IU cholecalciferol .

For prevention of full-term newborns from the fourth week of life to three years, the drug is prescribed one or two drops a day, and for twins, premature babies and children in adverse conditions - three drops a day. In summer, the dose can be reduced to one drop per day.

Pregnant women are prescribed one drop a day for the entire pregnancy, or two drops a day, starting from the sixth to seventh month of pregnancy. Postmenopausal women are prescribed one to two drops per day.

For the purpose of therapy rickets the agent is prescribed daily up to 10 drops per day for a month, depending on the severity of rickets and the clinical variant of the disease. At the same time, the patient's condition and indicators of a biochemical blood test (level phosphorus, calcium, alkaline phosphatase in blood and urine). The initial dose is 4 drops per day for five days, after this period, with good tolerance, the dosage can be increased to an individual treatment (up to 6 drops per day). 10 drops per day is prescribed only for pronounced changes in bone tissue. If necessary, you can repeat the course of treatment with the permission of the doctor after a week break. Therapy should be continued until a clear clinical effect appears, with the transition to a prophylactic dosage subsequently.

In therapy rickets-like diseases prescribe 40-60 drops per day, depending on weight, age and severity of the condition, under the control of blood and urine parameters. The course of therapy is 4-6 weeks.

In therapy postmenopausal the drug is taken one to two drops a day.

Overdose

Symptoms of an overdose in a child do not differ from those in adults and are characterized by a decrease in appetite, vomiting, nausea , thirst, anxiety, polyuria , intestinal colic .

Quite frequent symptoms are also muscle, headache and joint pain, stupor , mental disorder, ataxia, weight loss. Possible development of kidney damage erythrocyturia, albuminuria And polyuria, hypostenuria , increased loss of potassium, nocturia and an increase in pressure.

In especially severe cases, corneal clouding, inflammation of the iris or swelling of the optic nerve, formation stones in the kidneys, calcification of tissues and organs, cholestatic jaundice .

Interaction

When used together with , antiepileptic drugs, cholestyramine absorption is reduced.

When used together with thiazide diuretics increases the risk of hypercalcemia .

Joint use with cardiac glycosides stimulates their toxic effect.

Terms of sale

Over the counter.

Storage conditions

Keep away from children. Store at temperatures up to 25 degrees.

Best before date

Three years.

special instructions

When prescribing the drug, it is necessary to take into account the intake vitamin D with all possible sources.

When using the drug for the purpose of treatment, it is necessary to regularly monitor the concentration of calcium in the urine and plasma.

Analogues

Coincidence in the ATX code of the 4th level:

children

The drug was created for the treatment and prevention of diseases associated with chronic deficiency, including in children. Treatment regimens for diseases associated with deficiency vitamin D in children are described in the section "Akvadetrim, instructions for use."

Aquadetrim for newborns

For the prevention of diseases associated with deficiency vitamin D , full-term newborns from the fourth week of life and up to three years, the drug is prescribed 1-2 drops per day, and premature babies, twins and children in adverse conditions - 3 drops per day.

How to give Aquadetrim to babies?

Among young mothers, the question of how to give Akvadetrim to a newborn is often relevant? For infants, drops are diluted in a spoonful of porridge or milk. Adding drops to a plate or bottle is not recommended, because it cannot be guaranteed that the full dose of the product will be taken.

During pregnancy and lactation

Dose during pregnancy and lactation vitamin D3 should be less than 600 IU per day; otherwise, a teratogenic effect on the fetus or symptoms of an overdose in an infant may develop.

Reviews about Akvadetrim

Reviews about Aquadetrim indicate the effectiveness of the drug, but there are a large number of reports of side effects and. In such cases, you should immediately contact your doctor.

Aquadetrim price, where to buy

The price of Aquadetrim in standard packaging in Russia is 168-203 rubles.

In Ukraine, the average price of this drug, often used for newborns to prevent hypovitaminosis D, is close to 126 hryvnias.

  • Internet pharmacies in Russia Russia
  • Internet pharmacies of Ukraine Ukraine
  • Internet pharmacies in Kazakhstan Kazakhstan

ZdravCity

    Aquadetrim (vitamin D3) solution 15 thousand IU/ml 10 ml n1Medana Pharma JSC/Medana Pharma Joint Stock Company

Pharmacy Dialog

    Aquadetrim (Vitamin D3) (15000 IU/ml fl. 10 ml)

Europharm * 4% discount with promo code medical11

    Aquadetrim oral solution 10 mlMedana Pharma JSC/Medana Pharma Joint Stoc

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Education: Graduated from Vitebsk State Medical University with a degree in Surgery. At the university, he headed the Council of the Student Scientific Society. Advanced training in 2010 - in the specialty "Oncology" and in 2011 - in the specialty "Mammology, visual forms of oncology".

Experience: Work in the general medical network for 3 years as a surgeon (Vitebsk Emergency Hospital, Liozno Central District Hospital) and part-time as a district oncologist and traumatologist. Work as a pharmaceutical representative for a year in the Rubicon company.

He presented 3 rationalization proposals on the topic “Optimization of antibiotic therapy depending on the species composition of microflora”, 2 works won prizes in the republican competition-review of student scientific works (categories 1 and 3).

Note!

Information about medicines on the site is a general reference, collected from publicly available sources and cannot serve as a basis for making a decision on the use of medicines in the course of treatment. Before medicine use Akvadetrim surely consult with the attending physician.

Reviews

I almost gave to both children from birth and still give, but I didn’t think of drinking myself. In general, I won a vitamin test here on the radio, it turned out to be a deficiency of vitamin C and D. The latter is very strong - 8 ng / ml of blood. Aquadetrim helped, but the treatment is long - 2.5 months. Surprisingly, the hair stopped climbing and she lost weight despite the fact that she ate as usual. Most likely because I have become more active - more calories go away, it happened by itself. All in all, 5 stars really helps.

We were appointed from birth, she gave it for about a year, everything was fine, then it stopped. And soon there were signs of a lack of vitamin D, as the doctor later said. It appears, and after a year it is necessary to continue to give. Restarted and all is well. So don't repeat my mistakes. If you cancel something, first ask your doctor if you can.

We did not absorb the oil solution, as a result there was a huge bald spot at the back. We started drinking Aquadetrim, everything overgrown in a couple of weeks, I could not believe my eyes. Water really is better absorbed! She herself also switched to it, as it seemed to me, it was kinder in winter than with oil.

During the planning, she underwent a full examination, passed tests for everything that was possible, including minerals / vitamins. Of all the tests, calcium was low and there was an acute vitamin D deficiency. Everything else was within the normal range. I drank Aquadetrim at a therapeutic dose for two months, until the figures were raised to 50 ng. I noticed that by this time the cycle was adjusted. Then they prescribed prophylactically drink 4 drops daily, plus they added calcium and omega. It turns out that with a lack of vitamin D, calcium is not absorbed. Therefore, if suddenly you or your children have problems with calcium absorption, be sure to take an analysis for D (25OH). After 2 months, a delay, a test and the long-awaited two stripes, and two) babies!

Vitamin D Aquadetrim helped my baby to be born. We could not get pregnant for a long time. We tried everything: from folk methods with ficus in the bedroom to serious vitamin complexes. Still, we decided to get down to business. They gave up harmful, even rare, habits - alcohol and hookah. They began to eat right, introduced fasting days, passed all the tests. The analyzes showed that only I have a real lack of vitamin D in the body. And it turns out to have a very strong influence, including on the reproductive system of a woman's body. And you know, after about 3-4 cycles (months) from the start of taking Aquadetrim, we saw two strips on the test. Get tested for vitamin D and take Aquadetrim as directed or as directed by your doctor

Dear mothers, I want to tell my story about how I neglected the recommendations of my doctor ... In the first year of my daughter's life, the doctor prescribed Aquadetrim for us. An aqueous solution does not cause harm, it is absorbed well. This is essentially vitamin D, which is necessary for every child during the period of active development. So the doctor told me, he recommended taking it for up to 6-7 years. On this they decided, they drank Aquadetrim for two or three years, probably. Everything was fine, no allergies were noticed, the daughter developed normally. And then my laziness played a role. I think everything is going well, why this vitamin D, the sun is shining, we eat fruits and that's enough. They stopped drinking the vitamin, everything seemed to be going fine at first. But we gave our daughter to dances from the age of three, she walked well, she was happy. About two months after stopping taking Aquadetrim, tearfulness, fatigue, unwillingness to exercise began. For some reason, I immediately thought, maybe, after all, there are not enough vitamins. We went to the pediatrician with our speculations and problems, we were sent for tests and the result was a lack of vitamin D and calcium. Moreover, such a shortage is not small ... Magnesium b6 and Aquadetrim were prescribed to drink in a course of two months. And after about a week, I already noticed the result. My happy and active daughter began to return, again happily ran to the dances without “kicks” and all sorts of persuasion. It's good that the problem was noticed and solved in time! In general, dear parents, do not repeat my mistake - follow the recommendations of doctors. Indeed, thanks to vitamin D, muscles, the skeleton develop, it helps the absorption of other elements such as calcium / phosphorus. This is very important for the growing body of the child, health to all!

Who would have thought that a lack of vitamin D could result in a state of complete apathy, impotence and depression. I never would have been able to if I hadn't experienced it personally. Last spring, I began to notice a strong fatigue behind me. I didn’t have the strength for anything and not only in the evening, I didn’t have the strength in the morning. Sleepiness was constant. Attention could not focus on anything, and the nervous system began to fail. She attributed everything to spring and beriberi. But when hair fell down and teeth and nails began to break off, I already sounded the alarm and went to the doctor. I passed a set of tests and as a result it turned out that I had a lack of vitamin D and my hemoglobin was slightly lowered. They prescribed iron and Aquadetrim - 4 drops a day, and the doctor advised me to always take it. And so she did. I will not describe everything. But I really liked the result. Firstly, I had strength, even my colleagues noticed and jokingly began to call me an energizer. I also took a vitamin course. The hair has stopped falling out. It is a pity that new teeth cannot grow) And the main thing that I noticed is that I never got sick with the use of Aquadetrim.

After the second birth, I completely somehow lost myself: not only did I become nervous, I became exhausted, and even began to get sick more. I thought that it would get better with time, but a year passed and there was no improvement. Also, "female" problems were added: the cycle was broken, the hair fell out mercilessly and the skin on the hands even cracked. I thought that the hormones were checked - everything is in order, I began to sort out with the doctor that maybe I received advice to check the level of vitamin D. It turned out that it was so simple - a lack of vitamin D !!! how could I not guess, because the children have been taking this vitamin for many years, I read a lot about it, but I didn’t try it on myself (I began to take Aquadetrim, 10 drops in the morning - before 10 o’clock I already managed to take it. A month of taking and improvement: during "firstly, the condition of the hair, and secondly, there was no drowsiness and weakness. After a couple of months, for the first time, the cycle repeated itself day in and day out! Three months later, I was completely cheered up and blossomed - I managed to do everything, flew as if on wings. The skin stopped cracking, by the way - hands - it turns out that they can say a lot about health, now I knew for sure that positive changes had taken place in the body - the nails grew beautiful, for the first time in two years) I continue to drink Aquadetrim, it costs 207 rubles in total (and sometimes I even buy cheaper - for 180- 190 r) - the treatment is completely budgetary. Now I strictly monitor the level of vitamin D in myself and in my family, this vitamin turned out to be very important!

There are so many sunny days in our lane, so all children in the children's clinic are advised to take Aquadetrim. I have been giving it to my daughter since she was 3 months old. At first I added a drop a day to a drinking bottle, and then, when my daughter grew up, she began to drip just in a teaspoon with water. The child began to get sick less, became less irritable, my daughter's sleep returned to normal. I am satisfied and will continue to give Akvadetrim to my daughter further.

She gave the child aquadetrim as prescribed by the doctor. Great product that really works. The pediatrician immediately told me that the micellar solution is absorbed better than the oil solution, so take aquadetrim) Well, I bought it, gave it to us, as prescribed, 3 drops a day. After 2 months, re-analysis, vitamin D is normal.

I got a new job, went into it with my head, stopped seeing daylight, left early, came late. After three months of such work, I realized that I don’t get up in the morning, but barely wake up, at work I go sleepy, tired, attentiveness is at zero (I went to the doctor, underwent an examination, the doctor prescribed iron and Aquadetrim 4 drops a day. And you know, gradually I began to notice that the work again pleases as in the first days, I wake up cheerful, I wanted to live in full force.

Children should definitely be given vitamin D for prevention. With him, the development and growth of the child are normal. All the same, we do not live in the eternal sun and sea, so we need to compensate for the lack. I gave Aquadetrim to my child from birth. It is not for nothing that he is included in the list of free medicines for children under three years of age. Now we are no longer given it for free, I began to buy. Never had a reaction. Recently, she herself began to take 4 drops a day. Strength has increased and performance has increased markedly.

I don’t go to the sun every day for 20 minutes, and we don’t have sun every day, and vitamin D is needed every day and in the right amount, otherwise it’s a pipe. And I noticed on myself that I have a lack of vitamin D, it simply has nowhere to take in the right amount in my body. Therefore, I drink aquadetrim every day, I hope that he does useful work in me there. From what I have already noticed, I have become more active. Then we'll see how it goes.

She began to drink aquadetrim herself, as she objectively looked at her lifestyle and it became clear that vitamin D in my body simply had nowhere to appear. And without it, the body suffers, I felt it very strongly. Now the condition has improved, but I continue to drink aquadetrim, because I do not want to return to the state that was before.

April 18, 2018, 18:16

I have been drinking aquadetrim for six months already, 4-5 drops in the morning, before meals, with a little water. It’s good that they told me about the importance of vitamin D, otherwise I would not soon understand that the reason for my condition, against the background of generally normal tests and examinations, is the critical level of this vitamin in the blood. I began to feel normal, I like life again, I want to do a lot, travel and all this with ease, and not through force, as before.

At the age of three months, the child was prescribed to take aquadetrim for the prevention of rickets. I regularly give a drop of vitamin D to the child every day. At a year old, they took an analysis for the presence of vitamin D at a scheduled examination, there was a slight shortage. The pediatrician recommended taking further drops and not taking a break for the summer. Therefore, we did not take a break, we drink droplets.

I give the child aquadetrim. I am very pleased that our hairs have grown thick, our teeth are strong. The doctor says that the development of the baby is good. For prevention, we will take it up to 3 years

show more reviews (16)

The increased need of the female body for vitamins is associated with the peculiarities of physiology. Blood loss during menstruation, which is more difficult for a woman than for a man, is associated with a high consumption of vitamins and nutrients. Their consumption increases many times during pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding. One of the "vitamins of women's health" is vitamin D3, without which the bones weaken, the skin ages faster, and the menstrual cycle is disturbed. The nature of the loads on the body in different periods of life changes, which also affects the need for this substance.

  1. D2 (ergocalciferol). This vitamin is not found in the human body. In yeast and other fungi, as well as in some plants (for example, in parsley), the so-called provitamin D2 (ergosterol) is present. Getting into the human body with plant products, it turns into vitamin D2.
  2. D3 (cholecalciferol). The body receives it in two ways. First, it is formed in the human skin from cholesterol when illuminated with ultraviolet rays. Secondly, it enters the body with food of animal origin. This ingredient is not found in herbal products.

The action of substances in the body is the same.

Significance for the body

A feature of vitamin D3 is that it plays a dual role in the body:

  1. Regulates the absorption of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, which is necessary to maintain normal bone tissue. Accelerates the metabolic process, promotes the absorption of compounds of these chemical elements in the intestine.
  2. Acts as a hormone, regulates carbohydrate metabolism.

Action on various body systems

Musculoskeletal system. Without this substance, the absorption of calcium, which is part of the bones, ligaments, dental tissue, muscles, and blood, is impossible. Its deficiency leads to the leaching of calcium from the bone tissue, as a result of which it weakens and changes in structure. This results in osteoporosis. The risk of the disease is especially increased during menopause, when the absorption of nutrients and the production of vitamin D3 deteriorate significantly.

It is called an "antirachitic" substance. During pregnancy, it is needed to form healthy bones in the fetus, as well as protect the body of the expectant mother from calcium deficiency and its consequences.

Nervous system. The substance ensures the growth and regeneration of nerve cells. The work of the musculoskeletal system, the ability of muscles to contract, depend on the state of the neurons that transmit signals from the brain to the muscles.

The musculoskeletal system. In adolescence, there is a rapid development of the musculoskeletal system, due to which coordination of movements is being established. During this period, the girl's gait is formed, movements become more complicated. There is an increased intake of vitamin D3. Therefore, good nutrition, exposure to sunlight on the skin is of particular importance.

The immune system. D3 is essential for building immune cells. The body's ability to fight infection depends on their content in the blood. Infection leads to the occurrence of female inflammatory diseases that cause menstrual irregularities and infertility. During pregnancy, infectious diseases lead to abnormal development of the fetus, miscarriage and other complications.

With a weakened immune system, the risk of breast cancer, intestinal cancer, skin diseases (psoriasis), and multiple sclerosis increases.

Endocrine system. This substance is involved in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver, increases the body's sensitivity to insulin, thereby regulating blood glucose levels. Increased sensitivity to insulin is the cause of the production of excess amounts of estrogen in the ovaries. This leads to ovulation disorders, can cause infertility, early menopause. The ability to regulate blood sugar levels and increase tissue sensitivity to insulin can reduce the risk of diabetes.

Vitamin D3 is very necessary for women to improve metabolism, burn fat, reduce body weight, and improve the functioning of the cardiovascular system. The intake of this drug is necessary for diseases of the thyroid gland, since the content of calcium and phosphorus in the blood drops sharply.

Video: The norm of vitamin D, the value of the analysis for its content in the body

Daily requirement for women

When the need rises

Vitamin D3 deficiency is usually observed in people living in areas with long winters, few sunny days, cloudy, rainy and foggy areas. Dusty air (climatic or industrial) also makes it difficult for the skin to produce this substance. The need increases in adolescence and old age, as well as during pregnancy and lactation.

Reinforced doses are prescribed in the treatment of bone fractures, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, endocrine, immune systems.

Note: Vitamin D3 is not formed in the skin if it is covered with clothes, smeared with sunscreen. A visit to the solarium allows you to increase its production, but strong ultraviolet radiation contributes to the occurrence of skin cancer.

The causes of vitamin deficiency can be diseases of the stomach and intestines, which make it difficult to digest, as well as vegetarian food, diseases of the liver, endocrine system organs.

Signs of deficiency

With a lack of vitamin D3, a woman experiences increased fatigue, insomnia, and bone fractures. Pregnant women may experience leg cramps, drowsiness, joint pain, deterioration of tooth enamel, skin, hair, and nails.

What is dangerous overdose of vitamin D3

This substance is able to accumulate in adipose tissue and gradually consumed as needed. Before prescribing an appointment, its content in the blood is examined. With an excess, excess calcium is formed, which in the form of calcifications (accumulation of salts) is deposited in the vessels, heart, kidneys, and lungs. They can clog arteries and damage tissues.

Symptoms of hypervitaminosis:

  • violation of the digestive system: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increased thirst, fever;
  • poor urine output, inflammation of the kidneys, traces of blood in the urine, as well as the presence of protein and white blood cells;
  • weakened immunity, frequent colds;
  • the appearance of a bluish tint to the skin;
  • palpitations, arrhythmia;
  • hypertension;
  • liver enlargement.

In the blood, an increased content of calcium, a decrease in the concentration of phosphorus are found.

Video: The role of vitamin D in the body, sources of replenishment

Sources of vitamin D3 intake into the body from the outside

The substance enters the body with food or in the form of vitamin preparations.

Vitamin D content in foods

Preparations with vitamin d3

Minisan. The drug is available in tablets (1 tablet contains 10 micrograms of the substance), as well as in drops (5 drops = 12.5 micrograms of vitamin).

Aquadetrim (1 drop of the drug contains 12.5 mcg of vitamin).

Vigantol (1 drop = 16.5 mcg of vitamin).

Natekal d3. Chewable and lozenge tablets (1 tablet contains 10 micrograms of vitamin D3).


1 ml of solution contains

active substance - colcalciferol 15,000 IU,

excipients: macrogol glyceryl ricinoleate, sucrose, sodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate, citric acid monohydrate, anise flavor, benzyl alcohol, purified water.

Description

Transparent, colorless liquid (opalescence is allowed) with an anise smell.

Pharmacotherapeutic group

Vitamins. Vitamin A and D and their combination. Vitamin D and its derivatives. Colecalciferol.

ATX code A11SS05

Pharmacological properties

Pharmacokinetics

An aqueous solution of vitamin D3 is better absorbed than an oil solution (which is important when used in preterm infants). After oral administration of cholecalciferol, absorption occurs in the small intestine by passive diffusion from 50 to 80% of the dose.

It is absorbed quickly (in the distal small intestine), enters the lymphatic system, enters the liver and into the general circulation. In the blood, it binds to alpha2-globulins and partially to albumins. Accumulates in the liver, bones, skeletal muscles, kidneys, adrenal glands, myocardium, adipose tissue. TCmax (period of maximum concentration) in tissues is 4-5 hours, then the concentration of the drug decreases slightly, remaining at a constant level for a long time. In the form of polar metabolites, it is localized mainly in the membranes of cells and microsomes, mitochondria and nuclei. Penetrates through the placental barrier, excreted in breast milk.

Deposited in the liver.

It is metabolized in the liver and kidneys: in the liver it turns into an inactive metabolite calcifediol (25-dihydrocholecalciferol), in the kidneys it turns from calcifediol into an active metabolite calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) and an inactive metabolite 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. It undergoes enterohepatic recirculation. The half-life in the blood is several days and may increase in case of kidney disease.

Vitamin D and its metabolites are excreted in the bile, a small amount - by the kidneys. Cumulates.

Pharmacodynamics

Aquadetrim vitamin D3 is an anti-rachitic drug. The most important function of Aquadetrim vitamin D3 is the regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism, which promotes mineralization and skeletal growth. Vitamin D3 is the natural form of vitamin D, which is produced in the human skin by exposure to sunlight. It plays a significant role in the absorption of calcium and phosphate from the intestines, in the transport of mineral salts and in the process of bone calcification, and also regulates the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate by the kidneys. Calcium ions are involved in a number of important biochemical processes that determine the maintenance of skeletal muscle tone, in the conduction of nervous excitation, and in the process of blood clotting. Aquadetrim vitamin D3 stimulates the production of lymphokines.

Indications for use

Prevention and treatment

Prevention and treatment of rickets and osteomalacia in children and adults

Prevention of rickets in premature newborns

Prevention of vitamin D deficiency in children and adults at risk of this condition without intestinal absorption pathology

Prevention of vitamin D deficiency in children and adults with malabsorption

Treatment of hypoparathyroidism in adults

As part of complex therapy

Osteoporosis

Dosage and administration

The dose of the drug should be set individually, taking into account the total use of calcium (both in the daily diet and in the form of drugs).

The drug is taken orally with a small amount of liquid.

1 drop contains about 500 IU of vitamin D3. In order to accurately measure the dose of the drug, it is necessary to hold the vial at an angle of 45 ° while counting the drops.

Prevention of vitamin D deficiency:

Children from the 2nd week of life and adults 500 IU (1 drop) per day

Treatment for vitamin D deficiency:

The dose of the drug is determined by the doctor individually, depending on the degree of vitamin D deficiency.

Vitamin D dependent rickets:

Children 3,000 IU to 10,000 IU (6-20 drops) per day

Osteomalacia associated with the use of anticonvulsants:

Children - 1000 IU (2 drops per day)

Adults - 1000-4000 IU (2-8 drops) per day

With osteomalacia and osteoporosis as part of complex therapy - 500-1000 IU (1-2 drops) per day. The dose is determined by the doctor individually, depending on the cause and severity of the disease.

Side effects

Not observed when used in recommended doses. In the case of rarely noted individual hypersensitivity to vitamin D3 or as a result of the use of too high doses for a long period, an overdose of vitamin D3, vitamin D3 hypervitaminosis may occur.

Hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria

Allergic reactions (itching, rash, hives)

Gastrointestinal disorders (constipation, flatulence, nausea, abdominal pain or diarrhea)

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to the components of the drug, especially to benzyl alcohol

Vitamin D hypervitaminosis

kidney failure

Elevated levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood and urine

calcium kidney stones

Sarcoidosis

Drug Interactions

Antiepileptic drugs (especially phenytoin and phenobarbital), rifampicin reduce the reabsorption of vitamin D3.

The use of vitamin D3 simultaneously with thiazide diuretics increases the risk of hypercalcemia.

Simultaneous use of vitamin D3 with cardiac glycosides may enhance their toxic effect (increased risk of cardiac arrhythmias).

Long-term use of antacids containing aluminum and magnesium, in combination with vitamin D, may increase the concentration of aluminum in the blood and, as a result, the toxic effect of aluminum on bone tissue and hypermagnesemia in patients with renal insufficiency.

Ketoconazole can inhibit both the biosynthesis and catabolism of 1,25(OH)2-colecalciferol.

Vitamin D is an antagonist of drugs used in hypercalcemia: calcitonin, etidronate, pamidronate.

special instructions

Avoid overdose.

Too high doses of vitamin D3, used for a long time or loading doses, can be the cause of chronic hypervitaminosis D3.

Determination of the child's daily requirement for vitamin D and the method of its use should be established by the doctor individually and each time subjected to correction during periodic examinations, especially in the first months of life.

Use with caution in immobilized patients, in patients taking thiazide diuretics, in patients with urolithiasis, as well as in patients with heart disease and taking cardiac glycosides.

Do not use calcium preparations in high doses simultaneously with vitamin D3.

Vitamin D should not be taken with pseudohypoparathyroidism, as this disease may reduce the need for vitamin D, which may lead to the risk of long-term overdose.

Treatment is carried out under periodic monitoring of the level of calcium and phosphorus in the blood and urine.

As part of the drug benzyl alcohol, an anaphylactoid reaction may occur.

Vitamin D should be given with extreme caution in neonates with small anterior fontanelles.

The period of pregnancy and lactation

Should not be used at high doses in pregnant women due to possible teratogenicity in case of overdose (very high doses during pregnancy are likely to cause dementia and congenital heart defects in children)

Caution should be given to Vitamin D3 during lactation, as the drug, taken in high doses by the mother, can cause overdose symptoms in the child.

Features of the effect of the drug on the ability to drive

vehicle or potentially dangerous machinery

Ultra-D - instructions for use

Vitamin D3 (or cholecalciferol) is a biologically active substance, a vitamin belonging to the group of fat-soluble. It has been proven that vitamin D regulates calcium-phosphorus metabolism, is necessary to enhance the absorption of calcium from the stomach and delivery to various tissues of the body, as well as the reabsorption of phosphorus in the renal tubules.

A lack of vitamin D3 in the body can be due to insufficient exposure to the sun or a lack of vitamin D3 in food. With a deficiency of vitamin D3, the content of calcium and phosphates in the blood decreases.

Application area

Compound

1 tablet contains: Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) - 25 mcg (1000 IU).

Auxiliary ingredients: xylitol sweetener (E967), sorbitol sweetener (E420), hydroxypropyl cellulose thickener (E463), magnesium fatty acid anti-caking agent, alpha-tocopherol antioxidant (E307), palm oil, modified starch carrier (E1450), sucrose, sodium ascorbate antioxidant (E301 ), anti-caking agent amorphous silicon dioxide (E551), raspberry flavor, peach flavor.

Ultra-D Vitamin D3 25 mcg (1000 IU) is available as a 425 mg chewable tablet.

Vitamin D3, or cholecalciferol, is a biologically active substance, a fat-soluble vitamin. It enters the human body with food, but its content in foods is low, and absorption is possible only in a healthy intestine. Most of the vitamin must be synthesized in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, but with sufficient time in the sun and sufficient intensity of UV radiation. According to epidemiological studies (1), more than 80% of the adult population in Russia has a lack or deficiency of vitamin D, and such deficiency is noted both in summer and winter. Only 3.5% of women in Russia have normal vitamin D levels (2).

The biological role of vitamin D is explained by the presence of specific receptors in more than 40 organs and tissues and the control of more than 200 genes (3).

Classic Effects associated with the regulation of calcium-phosphorus metabolism: vitamin D increases the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the intestine, increases their reabsorption by the kidneys, increases the mineralization and elasticity of bone tissue, normalizes neuromuscular transmission, prevents myopathy against the background of mineral metabolism disorders (manifested by muscle weakness, difficulties when walking, maintaining balance and prone to falls).

Adequate levels of vitamin D prevent rickets in children and osteomalacia (decreased bone strength) in adults (3).

Non-classical (out-of-bone effects):

Reproductive functions: Vitamin D can positively influence the production of sex hormones (estradiol and progesterone). Vitamin D deficiency occurs in 67-85% of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (2). At the same time, the restoration of the recommended concentrations
vitamin D in the blood of these women helps to correct metabolic disorders, improve the quality of the endometrium, and restore the menstrual cycle (8). In IVF programs, pregnancy occurs 1.5 times more often in women with adequate levels of vitamin D (9).

Women without vitamin D deficiency are significantly more likely to have a baby after ART/IVF (10). Low vitamin D levels are associated with an increased risk of endometriosis (2). During menopause, the need for vitamin D increases due to an increased risk of osteoporosis (11).

Pregnancy: During this period, vitamin D is especially significant for both mother and unborn child. Studies show that low vitamin D levels are associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes, preterm birth (2), preeclampsia, and caesarean section (9). Hypovitaminosis D in the mother leads to rickets in children, including congenital rickets, an increased risk of intrauterine infection, and impaired immune regulation (12). Babies born to mothers with normal vitamin D levels are less likely to develop respiratory viral infections and bronchiolitis (3).

Lactation: The breastfeeding period is a time of increased vitamin D requirement for the mother (11).

Male fertility: Vitamin D deficiency in men can lead to the development of secondary hypogonadism (lack of sex hormones), a decrease in testosterone production, impaired spermogram parameters (a decrease in the total number of spermatozoa, the number of spermatozoa with normal morphology and a decrease in their mobility and linear velocity), as well as an increase in the risk of the development of type II diabetes mellitus, which is a fact of the development of male infertility (13,14).

Nervous system: By participating in the production of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit impulses between neurons), vitamin D has a positive effect on cognitive functions, psycho-emotional sphere and performance, improves mood and helps fight stress (3, 4).

The immune system: immunomodulatory effect is associated with the activation of all parts of the immune system. Vitamin D stimulates the activity of immune system cells in the bone marrow and has anti-inflammatory properties (5).

Metabolism: normal levels of vitamin D contribute to the normalization of fat metabolism, have a positive effect on the course of the metabolic syndrome, reduce the level of total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipids. Normalization of energy production in cells leads to an increase in vitality (6).

Endocrine system: Vitamin D deficiency plays a role in insulin resistance and glucose tolerance. According to studies, against the background of vitamin D deficiency, the production of insulin by pancreatic cells decreases (3), the work of the parathyroid gland and adrenal glands is disturbed (7).

* - TR TS 022/2011 "Food products in terms of their labeling";

** - MP 2.3.1.2432-08. Norms of physiological needs for energy and nutrients for various groups of the population of the Russian Federation. M., 2008;

*** Does not exceed the upper permissible consumption level, Uniform sanitary-epidemiological and hygienic requirements for goods subject to sanitary-epidemiological supervision (control).

Reception duration: 2 weeks. Before use, it is recommended to consult a doctor.

Contraindications: Individual intolerance to the components.

Important additional information:

Determination of the daily dose and duration of vitamin D intake can be made by the doctor individually, depending on the results of laboratory tests and medical history, and may differ from that recommended in this leaflet. Do not exceed the dose recommended by your doctor.

Due to solubilization (interaction with saliva components), absorption of the vitamin from Ultra-D Vitamin D3 25 mcg (1000 IU) chewable tablets begins in the oral cavity.

The mucous membrane of the oral cavity is richly supplied with blood, due to which vitamin D quickly enters the bloodstream. After ingestion, absorption of vitamin D continues in the small intestine through the formation of micelles (multilayered colloidal particles) (16, 20). Double
The mechanism of absorption of cholecalciferol from a chewable tablet ensures a high rate of absorption and the achievement of an adequate level of vitamin D in the blood serum (20).

The manifestation of side effects of vitamin D directly depends on the dose consumed; side effects are manifested in the case of a significant excess of the recommended doses. Symptoms of hypervitaminosis: increased calcium in the blood, nausea, vomiting, headache, muscle pain, palpitations, loss of appetite, thirst, weakness.

Contains sweetener. Overuse may have a laxative effect.

Nutritional value of 1 tablet: sugar alcohols - 0.4 g, energy value - 0.9 kcal (4.9 kJ).

FAQ:

How to assess the level of vitamin D?

For an objective assessment, it is necessary to conduct a blood test for the content of 25 (OH) D.

Table 1 Interpretation of blood data (11).

Do I need to take a blood test for vitamin D?

Yes, if this analysis was recommended by a doctor; if you are at risk for developing vitamin D deficiency (pregnant and lactating women, the elderly (over 60), people with limited sun exposure, people of color, people with obesity, malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract (Crohn's disease, celiac disease, ulcerative colitis, bariatric surgery, cystic fibrosis) taking long courses of drug therapy (glucocorticoids, antiretrovirals, antifungals, antiepileptic drugs), chronic renal and hepatic insufficiency) (11).

Is it possible to determine the need for vitamin D without tests?

Yes, it's possible. According to the Russian Society of Endocrinologists (11), the vast majority of the Russian population is deficient or deficient in vitamin D. This is due to the low content of the vitamin in food; insufficient ultraviolet intensity
exposure of the population living above the 35th parallel (all of Russia) and insufficient time spent in the sun. Deficiency and insufficiency states are recommended to be corrected by the additional intake of vitamin D.

Can I take vitamin D without a blood test for vitamin D?

Yes, you can. In accordance with the recommendations of the Russian Society of Endocrinologists (11), if there is no way to control the level of 25(OH)D, for long-term use (more than 6 months), adults are recommended a dose of no more than 4000 IU per day - people without risk factors; and no more than 10,000 IU per day - for persons at risk of developing vitamin D deficiency.

In accordance with the current recommendations of the Russian Society of Endocrinologists (11), to maintain an optimal plasma concentration of vitamin D, for example, a prophylactic intake of 1500-2000 IU per day is required. In violation of absorption or metabolism
vitamin D (for example, with obesity), the daily dose should be increased by 2-3 times. If a vitamin deficiency or insufficiency is diagnosed, the doctor calculates the dose of vitamin you need depending on the severity of the violations, and this dose can significantly
exceed the dose recommended to prevent deficiency.

Do I need to take vitamin D at the planning stage and during pregnancy?

During these periods of a woman's life, vitamin D is especially necessary for both the mother and the unborn child. At the stage of preparation for pregnancy, it is recommended to take preventive or corrective doses of deficiency (if a vitamin deficiency is detected). Hypovitaminosis D in these situations is subject to mandatory correction (17,18). When pregnancy occurs, the dosage of vitamin D intake is determined by the doctor.

Can Vitamin D be taken for kidney disease?

If kidney function is impaired, a doctor should be consulted about the use of vitamin D. According to international recommendations (19), vitamin D can be safely administered in the presence of kidney stones and nephrocalcinosis, but without concomitant calcium supplementation.

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