Factors leading to the development of diseases. Pathogenesis. The occurrence of diseases. Diseases from internal factors

Degenerative diseases leading to the development of dementia: HIV-associated cognitive-motor complex. This complex of disorders, previously referred to as AIDS dementia, now includes three diseases - HIV-associated dementia, HIV-associated dementia. Patients with these disorders suffer primarily from cognitive impairment. These patients have manifestations of dementia (dementia) of the subcortical type, which is characterized by a slowdown in psychomotor processes, inattention, memory loss, impaired information analysis processes, which complicates the work and daily life of patients. More often this is manifested by forgetfulness, slowness, decreased concentration, difficulty in counting and reading. Apathy, limitation of motivations can be observed. In rare cases, the illness may present with affective disorders (psychosis) or seizures. Neurological examination of these patients reveals tremor, slowing down of fast, repetitive movements, staggering, ataxia, muscle hypertonicity, generalized hyperreflexia, and symptoms of oral automatism. In the initial stages, dementia is detected only with neuropsychological testing. Subsequently, dementia can quickly progress to a serious condition. This clinical picture is observed in 8-16% of AIDS patients, however, taking into account autopsy data, this level rises to 66%. In 3.3% of cases, dementia may be the first symptom of HIV infection.

End of work -

This topic belongs to:

General neurology

When the posterior sensory root enters the spinal cord, only pain fibers .. damage to the posterior column of the spinal cord causes a loss of articular-muscular and vibrational sensation on the side ..

If you need additional material on this topic, or you did not find what you were looking for, we recommend using the search in our database of works:

What will we do with the received material:

If this material turned out to be useful for you, you can save it to your page on social networks:

tweet

All topics in this section:

General neurology
1. Cortico-spinal path: anatomy, physiology, symptoms of damage at different levels. The pyramidal path, or tractus corticospinalis, begins at

Symptom complexes of disorders in lesions of various parts of the motor pathways
IV. The defeat of the lateral column of the spinal cord with the pyramidal bundle passing through it (tractus corticospinalis lateralis) causes diffuse (down from the level of the lesion) central paralysis of the muscle

Sensitivity, types of sensitivity, types of sensory disorders
By means of sensations (sensitivity), a connection is established between the organism and the environment, orientation in it. According to one of the classifications based on determining the location of the stimulus

Syndrome of damage to the diameter of the spinal cord at the upper cervical level
III. The defeat of the posterior sensitive root of the spinal cord also results in the loss or decrease in all types of sensitivity, but the zones of sensitive disorders are already different, namely the segment

Syndromes of lesions of the brachial plexus

Syndrome of the defeat of the lumbosacral plexus
II. The defeat of the trunks of the plexuses (cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral) causes anesthesia or hypoesthesia of all types of sensitivity of the limbs in the territory, inner

Nerve syndrome of the lower extremity
I. Damage (complete) to the trunk of a peripheral nerve is characterized by a violation of all types of sensitivity in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe skin innervation of this nerve, since the fibers are all

oculomotor nerves
VI pair, n. abducens - motor nerve. The nucleus (motor) of n. abducentis is located dorsally in the pons varolii at the bottom of the rhomboid fossa. Radicular fibers are directed from the core to the base

Dislocation syndromes
Dislocation and herniation of the brain. When analyzing the pathogenesis of various brain lesions, and primarily those that lead to an increase in its volume, it must be taken into account that intracranial

Bulbar and pseudobulbar palsy
bulbar syndrome. The combined defeat of the glossopharyngeal, vagus and hypoglossal nerves of the peripheral type leads to the development of the so-called bulbar

The cerebellum, its connections, functions, symptoms of damage
The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa above the medulla oblongata and the pons. Above it are the occipital lobes of the brain; a tent is stretched between them and the cerebellum

Visual tubercles, Anatomy, physiology, symptoms of the lesion
The continuation of the brain stem anteriorly are the optic tubercles located on the sides of the third ventricle. The optic tubercle is a powerful accumulation of gray matter

Subcortical nodes (extrapyramidal system), Anatomy, physiology, symptoms of damage
The basal ganglia include the following anatomical formations: the nucleus caudatus and the nucleus lentiformis with its outer nucleus (putamen) and two internal (globus pallidus). They

Localization of functions in the cerebral cortex
the division of cortical "centers" into projection and association is unreasonable: there are analyzers (cortical and their departments) and within them - projection areas. Motor

Aphasias, types of aphasias, their topical and diagnostic significance
Speech is one of the late (phylogenetically new) functions of the cerebral hemispheres. Speech is only a human function; Human thinking is always verbal. words

Memory, dysmnestic syndromes
Memory is a property of the brain that ensures the assimilation of the necessary information from past experience, its storage and reproduction. It is the basis for the formation of thinking, behavior,

Thinking and intelligence, their disorders
Intellect is a mental function, including the ability to know. The level of knowledge and the ability to use it. In the pathology of intelligence, mental retardation and dementia will be distinguished. Their differences

Gnosis and praxis, syndromes of disorders
Apraxia is a violation of a purposeful action with the preservation of its constituent elementary movements. Occurs with focal lesions of the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres

Consciousness and its disorders
Consciousness is a set of mental processes that provide self-awareness, orientation in space, time, and environment. Environment. It is determined by the level of wakefulness and cognitive functions. hung up

Disorders of attention and perception
Attention is a form of organization of mental activity, as a result of which objects and events are allocated in consciousness. 1) Active due to intellectual volitional asset

Symptoms of damage to the frontal lobe of the brain
II. The defeat of the frontal lobe (the area located anterior to the anterior central gyrus) in the right hemisphere (in right-handed people) may not give distinct phenomena of prolapse or ra

Symptoms of damage to the temporal lobe of the brain
IV. Damage to the temporal lobe of the right hemisphere (in right-handers) may not give distinct symptoms. Nevertheless, in most cases it is possible to establish some symptoms of prolapse and

Symptoms of damage to the parietal lobe of the brain
III. The defeat of the parietal lobe causes mainly sensory disorders. Astereognosia is the result of damage to both the posterior central gyrus and

Symptoms of damage to the occipital lobe of the brain
V. The defeat of the occipital lobe, as an area associated with the function of vision, causes visual disturbances. Lesions in the area of ​​fissurae calcarinae, located on the inner surface

Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, Anatomy, physiology, symptoms of damage
The sympathetic division is represented by cell groups located in the gray matter of the spinal cord, in its lateral horns, at the level from the VIII cervical to the II lumbar segment.

Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, Anatomy, physiology, symptoms of damage
Parasympathetic innervation is represented by the cranio-bulbar and sacral divisions. In the cranio-bulbar region we distinguish: 1) the system of visceral nuclei

Syndromes of dysfunction of the pelvic organs
Spinal cord injuries at all levels are accompanied by disorders of urination, defecation and sexual function. With a transverse lesion of the spinal cord in the cervical and thoracic part

Shells of the brain and spinal cord, Anatomy, physiology, symptoms of damage
The membranes of the brain and spinal cord are like a case that covers the brain, and consist of three sheets: hard (dura mater, pachymeninx), arachnoid (arachnoidea) and

CSF system of the brain, physiology and pathology of CSF dynamics, pathological CSF syndromes. Diagnostic methods
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the choroid plexuses of the ventricles, mainly the lateral ventricles. Its outflow from the ventricular system is carried out through the holes connecting the sides

Hypertensive and hydrocephalic syndromes. diagnostic criteria. Methods of paraclinical diagnostics
An increase in intracranial pressure occurs most often with brain tumors, with trauma to it (usually closed), with chronic dropsy, with abscesses, less often with encephalitis and

Blood supply to the brain
Blood supply to the brain. It is carried out by paired internal carotid (a. carotida interna) and vertebral (a. vertebralis) arteries. The internal carotid artery originates from

Convulsive syndromes, their diagnostic significance, types of focal seizures
-------------- 47. X-ray - radiological diagnostic methods. Craniography. H

Electrophysiological diagnostic methods
Electroencephalography is a method for studying the functional state of the brain by recording its bioelectrical activity through intact head covers. Register

Private neurology
1. Cerebrovascular diseases - classification. Vascular diseases of the nervous system are one of the most common causes of mortality and disability.

Initial manifestations of cerebrovascular insufficiency
The initial manifestations of cerebrovascular insufficiency (NICH) are an early stage of CSMN. They are characterized by the predominance of subjective disorders: episodic headaches, sensations

Encephalopathy
Clinical manifestations. Unlike NLUMC, dyscirculatory encephalopathy (DE) is characterized by small-focal diffuse changes in the brain due to cerebral circulation insufficiency.

Spinal circulatory disorders
Vascular damage to the spinal cord can be caused by a number of factors. Pathology of the aorta may be the result of its atherosclerosis or coarctation. Atherosclerosis of the aorta is characterized

Acute disorders of spinal circulation by ischemic type
More often occur in the lower parts of the spinal cord, less often in the cervical. Provocative factors - minor injury, physical stress, sudden movement, alcohol intake, cooling. Development

Disorders of the spinal circulation by hemorrhagic type
Clinical manifestations. The following clinical forms are distinguished. 1. Hematomyelia (Brown-Sekar's syndrome, Minor's syringomyelic syndrome, anterior horn syndrome). 2. Gema

Secondary purulent meningitis
Etiology and pathogenesis. The microorganism can penetrate directly into the CNS through a wound or surgical opening, a fistula, or a source of infection in the blood, ears, sinuses, or other areas is possible.

Viral meningitis
Acute serous meningitis is caused by various viruses. The most common causative agents of serous meningitis are mumps virus and a group of enteroviruses. Known acute lymphocytic

Tick-borne encephalitis
The disease is caused by a filterable neurotropic tick-borne encephalitis virus. Transmitters of the virus and its reservoir in nature are ixodid ticks. The virus enters the human body in two ways.

Secondary encephalitis
Secondary encephalitis is observed in general infections. 11. Inflammatory diseases - myelitis. Myelitis: Myelitis -

Toxoplasmosis of the nervous system
Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii and leads to severe damage to the nervous system and internal organs. Humans become infected from domestic animals, most often

brain abscess, epiduritis
Head mog abscess, epiduritis. A brain abscess is a limited accumulation of pus in the substance of the brain. Most often, abscesses are intracerebral, less often -

brain injury
Brain Injuries The consequence of a craniocerebral injury is often damage to the vessels of the brain itself, its membranes and skull. These vascular changes can be extremely

Closed craniocerebral injury
There are three main forms of closed craniocerebral injuries: concussion (commotio), bruise (contusio) and compression of the brain (compressio cerebri). Brain concussion.

Spinal cord injury
Spinal cord injury. The causes of spinal cord injury in spinal cord injury are varied. They can be spinal cord injury and

brain tumors
Not only malignant tumors infiltrate and destroy the brain, leading to the death of the patient. Benign neoplasms due to their steady growth in a limited space

Tumors of the spinal cord
Tumors of the spinal cord: Spinal tumors are usually divided into primary and secondary. Primary tumors include neoplasms originating from

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a chronic progressive disease of the nervous system of unknown etiology, selectively affecting

Acute demyelinating diseases
Acute demyelinating diseases: Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an acute inflammatory disease of the central nervous system characterized by acute

Migraine and other cephalalgias
Migraine: Migraine. A special type of paroxysmal headache, which is an independent nosological form. Etiology and pathogenesis. One of the main

Facial vegetalgia, trigeminal neuralgia, facial pain
Facial vegetalgia, trigeminal neuralgia, facial pain: Neuralgia is a lesion of the peripheral segment of the nerve (branch or root), manifested by symptoms of section

Myasthenia, myasthenic syndromes
Myasthenia, myasthenic crises: Myasthenia, asthenic bulbar paralysis (myasthenia gravis pseudoparalitica) is characterized by severe muscle weakness and fatigue.

Epilepsy
Epilepsy: Epilepsy is a chronic disease characterized by repeated seizures or other seizures, loss of consciousness, and personality changes.

Neuroses and secondary neurological disorders
Neurosis and secondary neurological disorders: Neurosis is a disorder of mental activity provoked by a psychotraumatic factor and manifesting

obsessive-compulsive disorder
Clinical manifestations. Obsessive-compulsive disorder, or obsessive-phobic neurosis, is manifested mainly by involuntary, irresistibly arising doubts, fears, etc.

Hysterical neurosis
Hysteria is one of the types of neurosis, which is manifested by demonstrative emotional reactions (tears, laughter, screams), convulsive hyperkinesis, transient paralysis, loss of feelings.

Hereditary and genetically determined diseases - atoxia
Cerebellar ataxia of Pierre Marie is a hereditary degenerative disease with a primary lesion of the cerebellum and its pathways. The type of inheritance is autosomal dominant. Ascension

Endocrine diseases are many and varied, and their course and symptoms are often unpredictable. We will talk about how to determine the disease of the endocrine organs and their specifics in this article.

Endocrine system performs the most important function - regulates the work of internal organs through the production of special substances - hormones.

Often in the operation of this large and important system failures occur and then there are endocrine diseases. What diseases of the endocrine system are, how they proceed and what consequences you will learn from this article.

Major diseases of the endocrine system, list

Hormones play a huge role- they affect the physical parameters of a person, his psycho-emotional state and physiological processes.

If the work of the endocrine system is disrupted for some reason, then there are pathological processes in which:

• disruption of hormone production
• hormones are produced in a reduced or increased amount
• the processes of transport or absorption of the hormone are disrupted
• an abnormal hormone is produced
• hormonal resistance develops

Endocrine system

Any such disruption of the endocrine system leads to the development of the disease. Identify the most common diseases of the endocrine system:

• Hypothyroidism- a disease caused by hypofunction of the thyroid gland, when an insufficient amount of hormones is produced. The disease is characterized by a slowdown in metabolic processes, which leads to a number of symptoms, which at the initial stage are attributed to ordinary fatigue. Women are more likely to suffer from hypothyroidism than men - in the fair sex, the disease is observed 19 times more often
• Diabetes- a disease that develops against the background of a complete or partial lack of insulin, which leads to a violation of metabolic processes. Fats, proteins and carbohydrates are poorly absorbed, incomplete breakdown of glucose occurs, which causes hyperglycemia. This leads to accompanying diabetes symptoms and complications.
• Goiter - violation of the production of thyroid hormones (its hypo- or hyperfunction), accompanied by dysplasia (an increase in size that is not associated with the occurrence of a tumor). The most common cause of goiter is a lack of iodine in the diet, which is necessary for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland.
• Thyrotoxicosis- hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. Many organs and systems, due to an excess of thyroid hormones, change their work, which leads to a number of specific symptoms.
• Autoimmune thyroiditis- destructive changes in the tissues of the thyroid gland caused by a malfunction of the immune system, in which immune cells destroy thyroid cells, perceiving them as foreign agents
• Hypoparathyroidism- hypofunction of the parathyroid glands, which is expressed in the occurrence of seizures with convulsions
• hyperparathyroidism- Excessive production of parathyroid hormone, which is produced by the parathyroid glands. Accompanied by a violation of the metabolism of certain microelements
• Gigantism- excessive production of growth hormone, which leads to an increased, but proportional development of the body. In adults, the hyperfunction of this hormone provokes an increase in the size of certain parts of the body.

Video: Diseases of the endocrine system

Symptoms of endocrine diseases

The endocrine system includes all endocrine glands Therefore, endocrine diseases have a wide range of very different symptoms.

Some of the signs of these pathological conditions are often attributed to fatigue, stress, or overeating, while the disease begins to progress.

Most common symptoms of endocrine diseases:

• fatigue, muscle weakness
• a sharp change in weight (weight gain or weight loss with an unchanged diet)
• heart pain, palpitations
• fever, sweating
• unnatural excitability
• drowsiness
• frequent urination
• constant feeling of thirst
• high blood pressure accompanied by headaches
• memory impairment
• diarrhea

Endocrine diseases can masquerade as other diseases for a long time

Symptoms of endocrine diseases sometimes mixed- the patient may suspect a variety of ailments.

Only a professional approach to treatment and taking a blood test for hormones will help to dot the “i” and establish the correct cause of the ailment.

Risk factors for endocrine diseases

Endocrine diseases may occur quite unexpectedly for the patient, but may be quite expected. So, there are certain groups of people who tend to to certain ailments of the endocrine system.

Specialists highlight such risk factors:

• Age - most often, malfunctions in the work of the endocrine glands affect people who have crossed the 40-year milestone
• hereditary predisposition - many diseases of the endocrine system are "transmitted" by inheritance, for example, diabetes mellitus is often observed in both parents and children
• Overweight - more than 80% of obese people face problems in the functioning of the endocrine glands
• Improper nutrition - an unbalanced diet leads to malfunctions of many organs and systems - endocrine is no exception
• Bad habits - it has been scientifically established that both alcohol and tobacco smoking negatively affect the functioning of the endocrine glands
• Reduced physical activity - people who move little, have a slow metabolism, overweight and poor blood supply to the endocrine glands, which affects their work

Obesity, malnutrition and low mobility can cause endocrine disruption

Thus, to the development of endocrine diseases many are predisposed. But, if nothing can be done about heredity and age, then all other factors can be easily changed and save your health.

Diagnosis of diseases of the endocrine system

Determine the presence of an endocrine disease can only endocrinologist, therefore, do not try to diagnose yourself, much less prescribe any treatment.

In determining the malfunction of the endocrine glands, effective are such diagnostic methods:

1. Visual inspection- already at the first appointment, the doctor can determine the presence of an endocrine disease by the external condition of the patient: this will be indicated by the condition of the skin, the proportionality of body parts, skin pigmentation in various places, enlargement of the thyroid gland, atypical hair growth
2. Palpation- if there are no visible signs of the disease, then the doctor will be able to determine the development of such a disease as goiter by probing the thyroid gland
3. Blood test for sugar and hormones is the most demonstrative diagnostic method. A change in the normal level of hormones in the blood will give the specialist reason to assume the presence of any disease, and the accompanying symptoms will help to establish the exact cause.

Palpation of the thyroid gland

In addition to the basic methods for diagnosing endocrine diseases, a doctor can also use additional ones such as:

• x-ray examination
• CT scan
• auscultation

What hereditary diseases of the endocrine system exist?

Many endocrine diseases occur due to mutations in genes. Such a mutation becomes a hereditary factor that is passed down from generation to generation. Allocate such hereditary diseases of the endocrine system:

• Pituitary dwarfism- insufficient production of hormones by the pituitary gland, as a result of which dwarfism and insufficient sexual development develop
• Diabetes(both insulin dependent and non-insulin dependent)
• Adrenogenital syndrome- insufficient production of some corticosteroids and excessive production of others
• Hypothyroidism- if a woman during pregnancy does not control the level of thyroxin in hypothyroidism, then it can be transmitted to her child

If both parents have diabetes, the child's risk is 25%.

The listed diseases are optional. diagnosed immediately at birth. Some of them can manifest themselves throughout life and even in old age.

Children's diseases of the endocrine system

Endocrine organs of the child constitute a fragile system, which, under the influence of adverse factors, can fail.

Since the child's body grows and develops, the endocrine glands change with it, and negative influences from outside may not exert their influence for a long time due to specific mechanisms of endocrine compensation.

Compensation mechanisms protect the body up to a certain time and can be neutralized at any time, which will lead to to the development of endocrine disease.

Examination of a child by an endocrinologist

Children are most often diagnosed such endocrine diseases:

• Diabetes- the most common disease of the endocrine system in children. Of the 70 million people with diabetes worldwide, 10% are children
• Gigantism- non-standard indicators of the growth of the child or individual parts of the body, caused by the action of hormones. It is most pronounced in adolescence, but can make itself felt even earlier.
• brain gigantism- accelerated growth of the child during the first 4-5 years of life, caused by brain disorders
• Dwarfism- Slow growth of the child due to dysfunction of the pituitary gland. The main reasons for the failure of this part of the brain is heredity or the development of a tumor.
• Itsenko-Cushing's disease- pathology of the adrenal glands, in which there is an excessive production of active substances - glucocorticoids. The child develops obesity and high blood pressure.
• Hypothyroidism
• hyperthyroidism

Gigantism of the hands in a child

Treatment of endocrine diseases in children aimed at maintaining vital processes and functions, if the disease is incurable or to correct the condition.

Diseases of the endocrine system during pregnancy

Previously, it was believed that pregnancy and endocrine diseases are incompatible. Today, medicine has stepped forward and a woman with diabetes or hypothyroidism can become a mother if he takes care of his health and follows the instructions of doctors.

Pregnancy with hypothyroidism:

1. Before planning a pregnancy, a woman must enter a state of disease compensation
   2. When pregnancy has occurred, then, as directed by the doctor, it is necessary to increase the dose of levothyroxine, usually by 50% off regular
   3. An endocrinologist must monitor the condition of a woman throughout the entire period of pregnancy
   4. Iodine therapy is indicated

It is important to discuss with the doctor whether pregnancy is possible with an endocrine disease.

Pregnancy with diabetes:

1. Careful preconception preparation
   2. Achieve disease compensation
   3. Frequent control of insulin, constant correction of its doses
   4. Specialized assistance in childbirth

woman with diabetes should be aware of all the risks of pregnancy with such a complex disease.

Miscarriages often occur, the baby is stillborn, or after birth it needs special care in order to save a life. Don't forget also that diabetes is hereditary and there is a high probability that it will occur in your child.

Thyrotoxicosis and pregnancy:

A woman in position can continue thyrostatic treatment- it will not have a detrimental effect on the fetus. Mandatory monitoring of the condition by an endocrinologist and early registration.

Often, taking drugs to correct the work of the endocrine glands during pregnancy does not stop

Thyroid cancer during pregnancy:

With such a disease, it is imperative surgical intervention which is recommended for 20-24 weeks fetal development. If the tumor does not progress, then its removal can be carried out after childbirth.

Important: In case of serious endocrine diseases, it is necessary discuss the possibility of pregnancy with the attending physician.

If conception has already occurred, then it is necessary register as soon as possible to the antenatal clinic - this will help protect the life of the child and your health.

Tests for diseases of the endocrine system

• Endocrine diseases are diverse and very often their diagnosis is difficult.
• This is due to the fact that most of the endocrine glands, except for the thyroid and testicles, cannot be palpated or seen
• In addition, a blood test for hormones shows their concentration, but says nothing about their metabolism, which is extremely important to know for making a diagnosis.

To diagnose an endocrine disease, it is important to take a blood test.

For the diagnosis of endocrine diseases analyzes are carried out:

• radioimmunoassay
• for hormones (determination of the content of hormones in the blood)
• for sugar (blood, urine)
• glucose tolerance test

Remember that before passing any analysis, you must stick to certain rules which can be checked with a doctor. If they are not observed, the results of the analysis may be false.

Consequences of endocrine diseases

Hormones play an important regulatory role in the body and if their production is disrupted, this can lead to a variety of negative consequences for the body.

First of all, the work of many internal organs, metabolic processes, functions of the endocrine glands, there are somatic disorders and cosmetic defects.

At the slightest suspicion of an endocrine disease, consult a doctor

• People suffering from endocrine diseases sometimes become hostages of their condition. Constant use of drugs, hormones, maintenance therapy sometimes become lifelong
• In addition to the underlying disease, concomitant diseases often occur, which further worsen the well-being and condition of the patient.
• Endocrine diseases must be treated, if a cure is impossible, then correction is always possible and its relief with the help of various drugs
• Do not forget that their appointment is within the competence only endocrinologist and do not aggravate the situation by self-medication

Take care of your health!

Video: What endocrine diseases can cause infertility?

admitted
All-Russian educational and methodological center
for Continuing Medical and Pharmaceutical Education
Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
as a textbook for medical students

Determinism in the development of science and society.

To primitive man, the world seemed to be a chaotic, random combination of events. Logic and harmony could only be brought into it by the intervention of an independent extrahuman force.

With the development of knowledge, it became clear that random single interactions of substances and fields have clear computable patterns. So, the chaotic movements of molecules cause quite predictable changes in temperature and pressure. Random interactions of living organisms with each other and with the environment determine the direction of biological evolution, as well as the emergence of disease.

The triumph of reason has gained support: the processes of nature are rational, determined and subject to man. Determinism was easily compatible with the logic of Marxism as a science, its political economy and philosophy, and, of course, belonged to the global development of thought in the 19th century. Period 1924-29 characterized by the flourishing in Russia of scientific schools of physics (Semenov), chemistry (Zelinsky), biology and medicine (Koltsov, Vavilov, Ukhtomsky, Pavlov), economics (Chayanov), cosmology and the Earth's biosphere (Vernadsky, Chizhevsky, Tsiolkovsky), new trends in painting, architecture, literature.

That. biological evolution, in accordance with the Bauer principle, proceeds as the improvement of a state of stable non-equilibrium (accumulation of the quantity and quality of information in DNA, non-equilibrium arrangement of ions on both sides of the membranes) under the influence of external directed processes. Moreover, this can only happen temporarily if the forces act within the system and lead not only to development (non-equilibrium), but also to its stop (stagnation).

In 1927-37, a new form of party and state leadership of science, including medical science, appeared. She contrasted the internal logic of determinism in the analysis of chaotic events of a non-equilibrium system with the role of one social factor that could lead, as it seemed, to the formation of an ideally homogeneous, i.e. balanced society.

With the further development of scientific thought came the understanding of the unnaturalness of the process that destroys non-equilibrium and neglects feedback as a condition for evolution. It is from the standpoint of homeostasis as a stable non-equilibrium feedback system that we will analyze the causes and course of disease development.

Etiology (aitia - cause, logos - science) - the science of the causes of disease. The cause of the disease is the factor that causes the disease and gives it specific features. But this cause manifests its effect under certain conditions, i.e. in the presence of risk factors.

For example, Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes damage to the body. Certain risk factors also contribute to the disease: malnutrition, poor living conditions, concomitant infections, fatigue. It is easy, however, to understand that without Koch's bacillus, all these factors cannot cause tuberculosis. From these dialectical positions, the unacceptability of mechanical causalism, according to which the disease develops according to the principle "the cause (cause) is equal to the effect", becomes obvious. It does not take into account the conditions leading to tuberculosis. After all, the causative agent - Koch's sticks is constantly present in the environment, but not everyone gets sick with tuberculosis.

Another opposite in the doctrine of the etiology of the disease is conditionalism (conditional condition). The founders of this doctrine, Vervorn and Hansemann, believed that there is no main cause at all in the development of the disease. It, the disease, develops under the influence of a combination of various equivalent factors. Example: a person went to the taiga for pine nuts, climbed a cedar tree (1st condition), felt dizzy (2nd condition), fell (3rd condition), hit himself (4th condition), broke his leg (illness) . In fact, these conditions may matter, but do not replace the main cause - impact. It is possible to fall without being hit hard enough to break a leg. Thus, the impetus for the disease is the action of a causative factor: the entry of Koch's sticks into the body, a blow.

The analysis carried out shows that these directions are easily accessible to criticism and they are not widely used.

One of the directions in modern science about the causes of the disease is psychosomatic, based on the teachings of psychoanalysis of the Austrian psychiatrist Z. Freud. He saw the cause of the disease in the unconscious spiritual (mental) conflict of a person with society. The unresolved nature of such conflicts leads to the development of somatic diseases (diseases of the soma - the body).

According to Freud, "I" - awareness of oneself as a person, duty to society - is a superficial layer on the more ancient - our instincts "It". Among the latter, the main one is sexual (Eros), and the second is the destruction of oneself and others (Thanatos).

Freud argued that the boy, even in childhood, experiences an unconscious sexual attraction to his mother, which has remained in us since the period of matriarchy, and treats his father as a rival. This complex bears the name of Oedipus. According to ancient Greek myth, King Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his own mother, for which he was punished by the gods of Olympus. In girls, Freud described the opposite Electra complex.

Freud believed that the clash of instinct (It) and consciousness (I), limiting instincts, underlies the emergence of guilt, a psychological conflict leading to a somatic disease, such as neurosis. Three masterpieces of world literature treat the theme of parricide: Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, Hamlet by Shakespeare, Brothers Karamazov by Dostoyevsky.

Thus, according to Freud, often forgotten childhood experiences underlie the emergence of somatic diseases. Later, G. Selye pointed to mental conflicts as the cause of somatic diseases in the term distress. He sees the cause of somatic diseases in "unreacted emotions" - emotional stress. Anger, rage, joy, intense mental activity, restrained, hidden inside oneself for a long time, lead to the development of pathological processes, the so-called. diseases of adaptation. Example G. Selye: "Recently at the Chicago airport I saw the work of air traffic controllers. It seemed that they work like all other people - calmly and without tension. But they have a huge responsibility (a momentary confusion of the dispatcher can lead to the death of hundreds of people). This is stress , chronic stress, “distress.” And I found out that 35% of them suffer from stomach ulcers, many retire at an early age, others develop hypertension, and a third have neuroses and headaches. At the origins - the teaching of nervism I.P. Pavlov: the disease arises not only from physical, chemical trauma, but also from a mental conflict (collision). If normal excitement (when eating, running) is interrupted by stress, then a psychosomatic disease of the corresponding system develops (Startsev).

Thus, the psychosomatic direction is based on a large amount of factual material that is important for medicine. It explores the role of mental (emotional) states in the occurrence of somatic diseases. Warriors have long known that the wounds of the victors heal faster. The American doctor Alexander gave the name to psychosomatics, showing that the basis of the causes of a number of cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and other diseases is the struggle in a person of mutually exclusive motives of duty and desire.

2.1. The role of the etiological factor in the development of the disease

2.1.1. The etiological factor can play the role of a starting moment along the lines of "The Moor has done his job, the Moor can leave." That is, the causative factor had an impact, launched the chain of pathogenesis, and then it does not act, but the disease develops (burn, trauma, snake bite).

2.1.2. The ethnological factor acts either at a certain stage in the development of the disease and then ceases to act (infectious pathogens), or throughout the entire disease, and sometimes until the end of life (hereditary disease, autoallergy).

In some cases, as a result of insufficient knowledge, it is difficult to establish the cause of the disease, then this disease is referred to as "half-pathological". With the accumulation of knowledge about the causes of such diseases, they move into the category of diseases with an established cause and conditions of the disease. So it was with bleeding (hemorrhagic diathesis), which has now broken up into scurvy, hemophilia. The latter, in turn, is due to the deficiency of various, now firmly established factors of CSC.

The causes of the disease are usually divided into external and internal. But since internal causes (heredity) are formed in the process of evolution under the influence of external factors, the concept of "internal cause" is to a certain extent conditional and means that the disease developed without visible external causes.

2.2. Types of pathogenic effects of environmental factors

2.2.1. Mechanical factors [show]

As a result of external mechanical influences that violate the physicochemical properties of tissues (elasticity, extensibility, strength), pathological processes occur. The latter are characterized by both local changes (fracture of bones, rupture of muscles, tympanic membrane, internal organs, etc.) and general reactions. The most dangerous is the development of shock (traumatic, hemorrhagic).

There is a kind of mechanical influences that are dangerous not at the time of application, but after the release of a person from their action. With prolonged and strong compression of soft tissues, blood circulation is disturbed in them, the resulting tissue decay products, after being released from compression, enter the bloodstream and cause a sharp dysfunction, especially from the side of the kidneys. This phenomenon is called the crash syndrome.

2.2.2. Physical factors [show]

These include: the effect of temperature, ionizing radiation (penetrating radiation, lasers, UV, electric current, sound, barometric pressure). The pathophysiology of the action of physical factors is well described in the textbook by A.D. Ado et al. I would like to dwell on a number of key points of pathogenesis that have been revealed so far.

Damage to biomembranes - one of the main mechanisms of the pathogenetic action of physical factors. Such types of pathology as those caused by the action of ionizing radiation, electric current should be considered from the standpoint of membranology.

So, ionizing radiation, lasers, UV cause the formation of free radicals (OH - , O - 2) in the cell, which stimulate the oxidation of lipids, which together with proteins make up the biomembrane. Violation of the composition of the biomembrane leads to a violation of its functions: barrier, transport, receptor, electrical insulation.

Its last property is important for understanding the mechanisms of the pathological action of electric current. The distribution of charges on the biomembrane creates an electric potential of up to 200 mV on it; in this respect, the biomembrane is similar to a capacitor.

From general physics, it is well known that the application of an excess voltage electric current causes a "breakdown" of the capacitor. The same thing happens with the biomembranes of body cells under the action of an electric current. This causes violations of the functions of biomembranes and leads to the development of pathology of the cell, organ, tissue, and the organism as a whole.

For example, the interaction of brain neurons in the implementation of such a function as short-term memory is based on the circulation of nerve impulses, the movement of which is due to the sequential opening of sodium channels along the axon. Breakdown of the membrane under the influence of an electric current leads to a violation of the Na + - K + gradient and a violation of the coordinated activity of neurons - loss of consciousness. In muscles, this phenomenon is accompanied by convulsions.

2.2.3 Chemical factors [show]

The study of the general patterns of the mechanism of their action - the pathophysiology of intoxication in connection with a sharp increase in the chemical pollution of the biosphere, is the fundamental basis of the new ecological medicine. It is the accumulation of toxic substances, and not the depletion of resources, that poses a threat to modern civilization.

Poisons are inorganic and organic. Inorganic (lead, mercury, heavy metals in general), as a rule, have a direct damaging effect. In the tissues of the teeth, various chemicals are retained for a long time already from the 4th month of intrauterine life. The timing of enamel deposition is similar to tree rings, and the determination of the content of chemicals in it makes it possible to detect the possible impact on a person of harmful chemical environmental factors.

In characterizing organic poisons (toxins of plants, fungi, fish, industrial poisons, alcohol) as the causes of poisoning, it is important to know their relationship to lipids:

1. fat-soluble compounds are usually more toxic and have the ability to accumulate in lipid membranes of body cells. They exert their damaging effect after transformations in the cytochrome P-450 enzyme system. For example, aflatoxin from overwintered wheat, CCI 4 ;
2. water-soluble organic poisons are quickly removed from the body by the kidneys.

2.2.4. Biological factors [show]

2.2.5. Health and Society. Social factors of the disease [show]

Causes and risk factors.

On the eve of her 45th birthday, a New Jersey woman learned that her days were numbered: she had been diagnosed with pleural cancer. The doctor who made the diagnosis was surprised - this form of cancer occurs in workers of asbestos enterprises, and his patient is a lawyer by profession. The history of life explained everything: it turned out that her father dealt with asbestos - he worked at an asbestos insulation plant. When he returned home in the evenings, his hair and clothes were thickly covered with asbestos hairs, and his daughter often had to wash his work clothes. After working at the plant for 20 years, my father, like tens of thousands of other workers in the same enterprises, died of cancer. And 10 years later, it turned out that at the same time, i.e. 30 years ago, the fate of his daughter was sealed. This is an example of an industrial disease factor.

Hunger. The parents of a 3-year-old girl from Ecuador become helpless witnesses as their child dies of chronic diarrhoea. They do not know that where clean water and good food are available to all, children rarely die from this disease. They are also unaware that their daughter is one of 35,000 children who die daily from common infections, fatal to those children whose bodies are weakened by malnutrition. The peasants, comparing their piece of land with the fields of the hacienda, are well aware that, unlike the children of the owner of the hacienda, their surviving 5 children cannot fall asleep from the hunger that gnaws at them.

Binge eating. After losing her husband to heart disease, the 42-year-old Russian woman transferred her affection to her son. How will she know when he dies in his prime for the same reason: excessive overeating leads to hypercholesterolemia and degeneration of the arteries.

Smoking. The son, who smokes as much as his father, is at risk of developing lung cancer. He is unaware that smoking and fatty foods shortened his father's life and threatened his own heart. Both son and mother would be equally surprised if they knew that a third of their acquaintances would die from heart disease. After learning about this, many stopped smoking. In the UK, adult male smoking fell from 72% in 1961 to 36% in 1982, and among women from 44% to 36%.

Potentially the most tragic victims of cigarettes are children of smoking mothers. These mothers are more likely than non-smokers to give birth to children with insufficient weight, and they often die at birth or in the first months of life. Under favorable environmental conditions, maternal smoking may not affect the health of the child.

Combined with other environmental conditions such as insufficient milk supply or insufficient nutritional value, maternal smoking almost doubles the chance of infant death.

Summarizing the above, we must make the fundamental conclusion that the difference in morbidity and mortality between different countries and population groups is a reflection of the enormous difference in sanitary conditions, which is a consequence of differences in the nature of the social and natural environment. And the further, the more the condition of healthy people depends on the decisions they make. In other words, by creating a particular way of life, each society thereby determines the nature of morbidity and mortality.

Thus, the concept of "environment affecting human health" is much broader than the natural environment with which this term is most often associated.

Wednesday - these are natural, social and economic conditions that provide people with normal nutrition, clean water and satisfactory sanitary and hygienic standards.

Production processes and decisions of the administration of factories and factories that ignore the facts of pollution of workplaces at the enterprise or its environs with hazardous waste have no less impact on human health. You, doctors, must consider the social causes of their illness in the diseases of your patients and bring the swap of observations to the competent authorities.

Risk factors:

Poor diet, alcohol consumption, smoking, lack of exercise are risk factors for common diseases. And this, in turn, is connected with traditions, economic conditions and state policy.

The environmental conditions listed above determine the state of health of the population of a given society. Where there is malnutrition and hunger, filth, infectious diseases and high infant mortality are commonplace.

Overeating, a sedentary lifestyle (at the doctor too) and smoking affects the health of the population, contributing to the development of diseases of the cardiovascular system and tumors.

Where the production process is poorly controlled (mine - dust, factory - chemical compounds, field - pesticides, herbicides), the lot of workers - diseases and early death - a price that is never taken into account when determining the cost of production.

In all likelihood, it is very difficult to create absolutely ideal conditions for health. By effectively using our knowledge of the causes of disease, the number of premature deaths can be minimized. However, it is not possible to achieve much by simply increasing the cost of expensive training of medical personnel and therapeutic measures.

Social shifts and cultural change have a stronger effect on morbidity and mortality than doctors and drugs. Thus, the improvement of public health can be facilitated by the capture of asbestos dust in factories, improved water supply and nutrition in developing countries, a change in the nature of nutrition in developed countries, and a widespread reduction in the number of smokers.

Purely sanitary and hygienic reforms are exhaustive enough, but they do not provide for the main and cardinal measure - the transition of society to a higher social organization. Capitalism will never eliminate the blatant inequality between the poor and the rich, which we, physicians, record in significantly higher morbidity and infant mortality among the low-income segments of the population.

The social transformations necessary to improve human health under capitalism cannot be given to all people in the form of the achievements of advanced medicine available to a few. Residents living on the verge of poverty are 1.4 times more likely to die from heart disease than their fellow countrymen who do not know material deprivation.

The key to addressing the issue of the impact of the environment on health lies in the bowels of the economy, politics, lifestyle and the relationship of people with each other and with their own environment. The health of the population as a mirror reflects the face of society. There is no doubt that household factors (nutrition, housing conditions, clothing) are the conditions for the development of the disease, and we spoke about this above.

Let's take the 2nd step - there is no doubt that everyday factors are socially conditioned, they depend on the position of a person in society, on the attitude of society towards him (allocation of funds for health care, social security, housing construction, etc.).

Let us give as an example the fact that morbidity and mortality depended on cholera in Hamburg during the epidemic of 1782 (per 1000 people).

I think that the data convincingly demonstrate the role of the social factor in the development of the disease. From here one can clearly see the humanity of the democratic system, which led to the disappearance of a layer of people leading a beggarly existence. Another proof of the role of the social factor in the development of the disease is the high incidence in developing and underdeveloped countries.

With the development of human society, with the growth of urbanization, the social conditionality of mental and venereal diseases is increasingly being revealed. At the same time, the development of science shows that a number of diseases that were considered social are likely to have a biological cause. Thus, the breeding of 2 genetically pure lines of mice with addiction and indifference to alcohol removes the question of the predominant social conditionality of alcoholism. Alcoholism, like diabetes, is a genetically determined, biosocial disease. Phenotypically, its manifestations are formed under the influence of the external environment, and this is where the role of the social factor manifests itself.

2.3. General pathogenesis

This is a branch of pathophysiology that studies the logic and mechanisms of the development of the disease. This process consists of a combination of pathological reactions triggered by causative factors (see above) and recovery mechanisms.

Pathological process - localized, i.e. local combination of pathological and protective-compensatory reactions in damaged tissue. An example is inflammation. The simplest and fastest form of the pathological process is a pathological reaction (impaired circulation, pain, swelling).

Another form of the pathological process is a pathological condition. This is the sum of pathological reactions, but developing more slowly (osteomyelitis of the nail phalanx as a complication, intestinal adhesions). The process can be reversible, but its further increase leads to illness. The presence of a pathological process does not yet imply a disease.

The pathological process in the disease is a quantitative and qualitative form of the development of disorders in the body of the disease (osteomyelitis can result in bone melting, amputation), which will affect the human performance.

Thus, a pathological process is understood as a kind of localized damage that does not disrupt the vital activity of the organism as a whole.

2.3.1. Typical pathological processes

Pathological processes have developed in the process of evolution, so organisms that are close on the "evolutionary" ladder have common features and are called typical pathological processes. These include: peripheral circulatory disorders, inflammation, fever, tumors, metabolic disorders. Therefore, typical human pathological processes can be studied in animal experiments.

In the development of the pathological process and disease, i.e. in their pathogenesis, it is important to know the main, main link in the chain of disorders that occur in the body. For example, in inflammation, this is the state of lysosomal membranes. Violation of their integrity under the influence of various factors leads to the release of lysosome hydrolases into the cell, the breakdown of biopolymers, an increase in osmotic pressure, which, along with an increase in vascular permeability, leads to cell edema.

Elimination of this main link by increasing the stability of lysosome membranes with the help of glucocorticosteroids prevents all these disorders. If the sequence of events in this case, the described process, is encrypted with letters denoting a separate stage, then the cause-and-effect relationships in the course of the pathological process can be written as follows: A-B-C-D-...

Sometimes the resulting violation (consequence) itself becomes the cause of the pathological process. For example, the own proteins of cells changed during inflammation, which are accepted by the body as foreign. They produce antibodies. When antibodies bind to proteins in tissues, pathological reactions develop, during which new pathologically altered cell proteins are formed, which are taken by the body as foreign, and antibodies are again produced on them. The vicious circle closes ("G" closes on "A").

This phenomenon is widespread in nature and underlies the transition of acute pathological conditions into chronic, autoallergic ones.

2.3.2. The role of neurohumoral mechanisms in resistance to the action of a pathological factor

When analyzing the problem of pathogenesis, one should proceed from the principle of consistency - highlighting violations of the function that is currently decisive, the elimination of which requires a coordinated reaction of body systems. So, for example, with a lack of oxygen in the body, not only an increase in the rhythm of respiratory movements occurs, but at the same time the number of heart contractions increases, blood flow accelerates, there is an increase in blood pressure, redistribution of blood circulation, inclusion in the general circulation of erythrocytes by reducing the spleen, in which they are stored in as a reserve. All this, ultimately, is subordinated to one goal - to increase the supply of vital organs with oxygen.

However, the implementation of the principle of consistency cannot occur without the higher integrative departments of the body. The nervous and endocrine systems play an important role in coordinating such a variety of defense reactions, and they work together.

In the works of W. Kennon and L. A. Orbeli, it was found that under adverse effects on the body, the sympathetic-adrenal system (SAS) is activated. The divisions of the SAS: central (reticular formation), hormonal (adrenal medulla) and peripheral (sympathetic nerve endings in organs) constitute a single functional system that complements the OSA system: hypothalamus - pituitary gland - adrenal cortex, the functional unity of which was established later by Selye. Why does activating CAS and OSA increase resistance? It can be considered established that GNS enhance gluconeogenesis, along with adrenaline, facilitating the mobilization of glucose to improve the supply of tissues with “combustible material”.

GCS have a stabilizing effect on cell membranes. As will be shown in subsequent chapters, disruption of biomembranes can play a decisive role in the development of cellular pathology and in cell death. It is known that the cell is the main structural unit of the body, so cell damage is a determining moment in the occurrence of both altered reactions and morphological disorders.

2.3.3. The role of disorders of nervous and humoral regulation in pathology

An interesting example of the role of disorders of the nervous regulation in the pathology of cell metabolism are studies carried out in the laboratory of VV Ilyin. He and his collaborators showed that in denervated tissues (liver, muscle) the synthesis and activity of glucose metabolism enzymes changed in the direction of metabolism approaching embryonic tissues. For example, some metabolic effects were lost after denervation. In intact animals, the administration of glucose caused an increase in the synthesis of hexokinase. This did not occur in the tissues of the denervated liver.

These and various other experiments lead to the conclusion that the exclusion of nervous regulation to a certain extent can be the cause of changes in tissue reactivity, the cause of a number of pathological disorders.

In addition, the researchers of the school of I.P. Pavlov managed to show that in animals with experimental neuroses, the pathogenic effect of various factors sharply increases. In fact, these were experiments in the field of psychosomatic medicine.

Selye's work showed that on the basis of long-term stress, accompanied by an excess content of GCS in the body, thymus involution occurs, and ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract develop. This phenomenon is a serious complication of steroid therapy.

Thus, it can be argued that a violation of the regulatory role of the nervous and humoral systems can become the basis of pathology. Dysregulation reduces the stability of the body's homeostasis due to the loss of coordination, systemic response and increases the body's sensitivity to the action of pathogenic factors.

2.4. Recovery Mechanisms

There are three groups of mechanisms: 2.4.1. Non-specific mechanisms (lower and middle levels) [show]

Urgent emergency protective and compensatory reactions (seconds, minutes work). For their implementation, there are already ready-made functioning organisms:

1. aimed at removing foreign substances from body cavities (vomiting, coughing, sneezing, saliva, tears, etc.). These are mainly neuro-reflex mechanisms;
2. urgent protective-compensatory reactions in various types of aggression (cold, pain, infection, poisons) also include a stress reaction.

   The stress response includes activation of the pituitary-adrenal system, resulting in the release of adrenaline, GCS, into the blood. These hormones increase blood pressure, increase the supply of the body with energy material - glucose due to the formation and breakdown of glycogen, and increase the efficiency of the muscles of the heart and skeletal muscles. The result of this is an increase in the body's resistance to the action of aggression factors. When the extreme stimulus is removed, these reactions quickly normalize.

2.4.2. Stable protective-compensatory reactions [show]

Also non-specific include stable protective compensatory reactions (days, weeks work):

1. while maintaining the impact of the factor of aggression, the stress reaction continues to develop, passing into the second stage - the stage of resistance. At this time, hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex develops with a steady increase in the formation of corticosteroids. They increase BCC by contracting smooth muscles and the release of blood from the depot, increasing blood pressure, increasing gluconeogenesis, and increase the stability of lysosome membranes;
2. inclusion of reserve capacities of damaged or healthy organs. In a healthy body, only 20-25% of the respiratory surface of the lungs, 20% of the myocardial power, 20-25% of the glomerular apparatus are used, the main poison neutralization system, the cytochrome P-450 system, functions at 20-30% of the power.

   With various diseases in the body, these spare capacities are activated. So, with pneumonia - inflammation of the lungs - the respiratory surface, which is usually not involved in gas exchange, is turned on, the prolonged intake of fat-soluble poisons in the body causes an increase in the content of cytochrome P-450 and an acceleration of their metabolism. The inclusion of reserve capacities contributes to the recovery of the body.

2.4.3. Long-lasting protective-compensatory reactions [show]

These reactions work for months, years and are both non-specific and more specific.

1. this includes immune reactions - the rapid growth of a certain clone of lymphocytes, the formation of antibodies;
2. in addition, in a living organism there are powerful, genetically determined mechanisms that both compensate for altered functions in the form of hyperplasia - an increase in the number of cells (for example, regeneration of blood after blood loss, reparative regeneration in the event of tissue death) or in the form of hypertrophy - an increase in the size of cells and an organ in in general (for example, hypertrophy of skeletal muscles during physical exertion, ventricles of the heart with valvular defects).

All this happens due to the subcellular structures of the cells adjacent to the affected area, the strengthening of protein-synthetic processes in their nuclei and ribosomes of the endoplasmic reticulum.

It is in connection with compensatory processes that a function can be preserved when some of the structural elements that provide it are destroyed.

The participation of subcellular structures in the development of adaptation (adaptation) of the body to environmental factors in our country is actively studied by FZ Meyerson. In his lab, it has been shown that under such diverse influences as intense exercise, hypoxia and cooling, there is a common adaptation mechanism.

It turned out that the above effects on an unadapted organism lead to the same shift - a shortage of macroergs. This primary shift is an analogue through which the genome is activated, which manifests itself in the activation of the biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, but not of the entire cell, but only along the line of mitochondrial biogenesis, i.e. an additional basis of "power stations of the cell" is being built. As a result, ATP production increases. This chain of events leaves a "structural trace" and constitutes the fundamental (basic) link of adaptation. Moreover, the mass of structures responsible for the reception of hormones, transport, energy supply, etc. is growing to the greatest extent. But the adaptation process as a whole develops on the basis of the coordination of all body systems, carried out by the neuro-endocrine system.

The generality of the adaptation mechanism makes it possible to explain the phenomenon of "cross-adaptation". For example, preliminary adaptation to the action of high-altitude hypoxia was used as an experimental prevention of ischemic lesions of the heart and brain.

Thus, disease prevention (prevention) from the point of view of pathophysiology is not necessarily the result of purposeful, conscious human activity, and in some cases is the result of "cross adaptation". This is as natural a phenomenon as adaptation. Adaptation is called true adaptation to changing environmental conditions, and compensation is a latent pathology that manifests itself during functional loads.

If the protective-compensatory reactions of the body and the implementation of therapeutic measures were untenable in counteracting the disease, then biological death develops.

Natural death is genetically determined by a certain number of mitoses (50 ± 10) that each of the cells can carry out and is the result of the natural completion of the existence of the life of the cells of an organ and organism.

2. 5. The role of experimental therapy in pathophysiology

Let's start with the fact that the journal of the All-Russian Society of Pathophysiologists is called Pathophysiology and Experimental Therapy. This is justified by the fact that any scientific hypothesis must be confirmed by practice. This idea is a priori, it does not require proof, it is universal.

So in the case of studying the pathogenesis of a particular pathological process, practical proof of the real biological significance of established causal relationships is the ability to interrupt the course of events with the help of certain therapeutic, surgical effects, first in the experiment, and then in the clinic on patients. If this succeeds, then, on the one hand, there is a conviction that the proposed mechanism is indeed pathogenetically important, on the other hand, an idea of ​​the mechanism of recovery develops, and the doctor has a new way of influencing the course of the disease.

Example: the assumption that the leading mechanism of cardiovascular insufficiency in mitral stenosis is the narrowing of the atrioventricular orifice was brilliantly confirmed by the fact that the dissection of stenotic valves led to a sharp improvement in hemodynamics in these patients.

The domestic pathophysiologist A. Kogan showed that the restoration of oxygen supply in various ischemic conditions of the heart leads to an increase in the oxidation of cell membrane lipids, the result is an increase in their permeability and the development of irreversible damage to myocardial cells noted during reoxygenation. The introduction of antioxidants that limit lipid peroxidation led to a decrease in the size of necrosis. This allows pathophysiologists to believe that lipid peroxidation of biomembranes plays an important role in the pathogenesis of necrosis. Doctors received one of the effective therapeutic agents.

Whether you like it or not, they exist, they live and have the same right to exist as you do. It's impossible to kill them. Rather, they will kill you, but they have no such goal. Their goal is to exploit us and obtain products for their livelihoods. If some worms wanted to kill us, they would have done it long ago. They have no need to destroy a big ship, they live quietly. Another thing is that we do not want to live with them, which means that we need to create unfavorable conditions for them.
Our immunity, and only it, can cope with bacteria, viruses and fungi. Another thing is protozoa and helminths. For cells of the immune system, these are big beasts, so we must take specific actions to fight them.

5. Heredity.
Unfortunately, after 40 years, at a doctor's appointment, a person becomes a victim of age and heredity. Many "hereditary" diseases, such as cholelithiasis and urolithiasis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, arthrosis, are the result of nutritional stereotypes in several generations. Most hereditary diseases appear in the first 10-15 years of life.

6. Medicine.
Even if a huge amount of money is invested in the development of medicine, the life expectancy of the human population will not increase. It does not depend on the level of development of medicine in the country. Life expectancy depends on the culture of nutrition, lifestyle and self-love. A huge number of medicinal substances that we took in the last century - analgin, citramon, diphenhydramine, have long been discontinued in other countries of the world due to their toxic effects. For example, the drug Decaris, which has been used for many years as an immunomodulator, causes blood cancer in children. These studies were carried out in the USA.
We are not talking about the uncontrolled use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics and drugs that reduce blood pressure. It is up to you to decide how much and for how long you will take chemicals. This is a colossal factor that affects your health in the most negative way.

7. Injuries.
Do you think that injuries are an accident? Especially if they turn into a pattern? This factor is closely related to intuition and the way a person thinks. But if this happens, try to track the consequences of the injury and, if possible, eliminate them.
Osteopathic doctors are now becoming especially popular - magicians who, with gentle hand movements, restore the biomechanics of the joints of the spine and the “breathing rhythm” of the skull bones. Thus, improving liquorodynamics, venous outflow from the cranial cavity, which is often the cause of headaches, and in fact a consequence of injuries.

8. Movement.
In China and Japan, there are very few doctors who deal with joint problems. Most types of martial arts are smooth movements, more like good gymnastics than a sport. In our country, everyone has their own concept of physical activity. After standing upside down in the country for 8 hours, you may not hope that you have received a useful physical activity.
The movements should be harmoniously distributed between all groups of the mouse and be accompanied by a slight increase in heart rate and sweating. Then this load can be considered effective.

9. Bioenergetics.
In our time, science has proven that biofields exist. Previously, it was called "evil eye, damage", but now it is called "bioenergetic indignation." It doesn’t matter what you call it, the main thing is that you understand: the human biofield exists, which means that it is affected. This factor is again closely related to psychology.

10. Ecology.
If there are problem areas around you in macro or micro ecology, such as: industrial emissions into the air from factories; washing dishes with Fairy, which is washed off with 35th water and dissolves inside the digestive tract; drinking chlorinated water - you should take action.

11. Bad habits.
There are more of them than is commonly believed. This is not only alcoholism, smoking and drug addiction. This is reading in transport, listening to loud music in headphones. By the way, sleeping on your stomach is also harmful, because the neck turns at an angle of 45%, that is, cerebral circulation is practically disturbed.

12. Time.
This is something that will not be enough when everything is already there. An inevitable factor affecting our health.

Throughout life, we acquire many different skills, such as learning to drive a car, sew, knit, etc. These skills are considered very important, but none of them will allow us to live longer. And when a person loses his health, then all other skills depreciate. Many rich people, having lost their health, say that nothing more is needed in life: neither power nor summer cottages, just to return it. The disappointment lies in the fact that we treat health as something due, naively thinking that it is given forever and has an inexhaustible supply. This is a colossal mistake, because what we do in our life is a whole series of wrong actions.
Think - 80% of what we do is harmful to our health! For example, consciously or unconsciously, we drink Pepsi - Cola, without thinking that it destroys our blood, we eat snickers and chips. We are destroying ourselves and our children.
This information is not made up. Everything you read in this book is very important for you! The information is taken from the Internet, from conversations with practitioners in the CIS countries and, of course, from my experience. This is the latest and greatest information. Everything that will be discussed will be tough enough, otherwise no one will hear. We will talk in general, about the concept of health and the laws of its preservation, and about particulars: about the mechanisms of the functioning of our body, about what allows it to work in difficult conditions.
Perhaps some information will cause you resistance. There are axioms that we do not like, and we begin to internally resist them. For example: why not eat sugar? Because he “lures” water out of the cell and this reason is enough to eat less of him. If you pour sugar on a strawberry, it will release juice. If you drink sugary juice, your cell will give up water. If you put salt on a cucumber, it will release juice, but if you eat a pickled cucumber, your cell will also release water.
All over the world in medicine there are state standards by which a doctor must act. There is a prescription for every disease. The blasphemy consists in the fact that the state, having assumed responsibility for a person's life, removed it from the doctor. If the doctor has done everything as written in the standard, he is not responsible for anything. This means that the patient was simply unlucky if he died. If the doctor did something differently, departed from the prescribed actions, and the patient died, then the doctor personally answers. Therefore, none of the Aesculapius working in official medicine wants to violate state standards and is afraid to do so, because. if something happens, they will ask him. Doctors are now in twofold conditions, this must be understood and not grumble at them and medicine in general. We invite you to independently understand the causes of many diseases.

From the book "Philosophy of Health" by Stepanova M.V.

Biologically active substances, which are called vitamins, affect all body functions. They play an important role in the work of various organs and systems, perform protective and regulatory functions, and participate in metabolic processes. or ascorbic acid - one of the most important bioactive substances, the lack of which can cause the development of the disease.

Ascorbic acid is an indispensable substance that performs the function of an antioxidant in the human body. The role of the vitamin is to participate in the redox processes necessary to generate energy from nutrients. In addition, the acid is involved in the production of collagen, some hormones, and also promotes the absorption of other vitamins and minerals.

In the absence of vitamin C is an anti-stress substance. It reduces the production of cortisol, which is a stress hormone. Its active secretion occurs due to strong physical and emotional stress on the body, as well as due to endocrine disorders.

Ascorbic acid plays a very important role in the functioning of the immune system. This vitamin significantly increases the body's resistance to various infectious diseases. In addition, the substance is useful for allergy sufferers, as it significantly reduces sensitivity to allergens, helps to normalize the process of histamine production, preventing the development of acute allergic reactions.

Vitamin C is believed to be an effective remedy for cancer. Ascorbic acid removes toxic substances from the body, increases the stability of other vitamins, prevents the development of blood clots and deposits on the vascular walls.

In general, vitamin C is a very important biologically active substance that performs many vital functions.

Causes of vitamin deficiency

The lack of ascorbic acid is a serious violation that negatively affects the state of the whole organism. Various reasons can provoke a deficiency, but most often the disease develops due to the influence of a number of factors.

Complivit: types, composition, method of administration in treatment and prevention

Causes of vitamin C deficiency:

There are various causes of vitamin C deficiency, but regardless of the cause of the disease, it requires proper treatment.

Symptoms and consequences of beriberi

With a lack of vitamin C, various disorders are noted. Deficiency can lead to the development of liver diseases, cause endocrine diseases, including diabetes. With a lack of a substance, the sensitivity of blood vessels increases, they become less elastic, brittle, and damaged even with a slight impact. This can provoke heavy bleeding, deterioration in wound healing, the appearance of extensive bruises.

In the case of a prolonged lack of vitamin C, scurvy develops. The main manifestations of this disease are loss of teeth, constant bleeding of the gums, pain in the muscles and joints. If left untreated, the disease is fatal.

With a deficiency, the amount of free radicals increases significantly - substances that can have a negative effect on healthy cells. As a result of their influence, the development of cancerous tumors occurs. A prolonged lack of vitamin C leads to a blood disease - anemia, which is characterized by a decrease in the concentration of other important constituents. The lack of vitamin in the body leads to a violation of fat metabolism, which causes excess weight.

What are the vitamins in white cabbage, as well as other chemicals

Vitamin C deficiency symptoms:

• muscle weakness
• joint pain
• low pressure
• bleeding gums
• skin edema
• disorders of the stomach and intestines
• dizziness
• increased irritability

The onset of these symptoms occurs 4-6 weeks after the deficiency develops. In case of their appearance, it is necessary to consult a doctor, and carry out the treatment of beriberi.

Sources of Vitamin C

To prevent deficiency of ascorbic acid, it is necessary to receive daily from 30 to 60 mg of this substance. During pregnancy, vitamin C intake is recommended to be increased to 70-90 mg. It is best to get the component with the help of natural foods.

Sources:

• citrus products
• rose hip
• Walnut
• cauliflower
• milk
• persimmon
• red pepper

It is best to consume plant foods that contain vitamin C in the warm season, since it is during this period of time that the concentration of ascorbic acid in them is greatest. In winter, it is not recommended to eat vegetables and fruits that have been frozen or canned.

In the winter season, it is recommended to regularly use rosehip infusion. To prepare it, it is enough to mix 250 ml of boiling water and 10 g of dry fruits of this plant. The drink should be infused for 15 minutes, then cool and drink. Daily use of such a remedy eliminates the possibility of vitamin C deficiency, strengthens the immune system and improves overall well-being.

In addition to natural sources, you can take synthesized ascorbic acid, which is available in the form of tablets. However, in this case, you should carefully monitor the dosage of vitamins to exclude the possibility of developing hypervitaminosis.

In general, the treatment of vitamin C deficiency is carried out by correcting the diet and containing synthesized ascorbic acid.

Vitamin C deficiency is a serious disorder that can cause a range of disorders and diseases. Proper diet, rejection of bad habits and treatment of concomitant diseases eliminates the possibility of deficiency and associated unpleasant symptoms.

Feb 8, 2017 Violetta Doctor