Arguments in essay-reasoning. Ege Russian language. bank of arguments. moral issues

In the texts for preparing for the exam, we have repeatedly encountered the problem of selfishness in its various manifestations, each of which is a heading in our list. Literary arguments from foreign and domestic books are selected for them. All of them are available for download in the form of a table, the link is at the end of the collection.

1. In the modern world, the trend of selfishness is gaining momentum more and more. However, this is not to say that this problem did not exist before. One of the classic examples is Larra, the hero of the legend from the story M. Gorky "Old Woman Izergil". He is the son of an eagle and an earthly woman, which is why he considers himself smarter, stronger and better than others. In his behavior, disrespect for others and, in particular, for the older generation is noticeable. His behavior reaches its apogee when Larra kills the daughter of one of the elders only because the girl refused to satisfy his whims. He is immediately punished and exiled. After the expiration of time, isolated from society, the hero begins to experience unbearable loneliness. Larra returns to the people, but it's too late and they don't take him back. Since then, he has been wandering like a lonely shadow on the earth, because God punished the proud man with eternal life in exile.
2. IN Jack London's short story Far Far Away selfishness is equated with instinct. It tells of Weatherbee and Cuthfert, who happened to be alone in the North. They went to distant lands to look for gold and are forced to wait out the harsh winter together in an old hut. After a while, real natural egoism begins to manifest in them. Ultimately, the heroes lose the fight for survival, succumbing to their base desires. They kill each other in a fierce fight for a cup of sugar.

Selfishness as a disease

1. Two centuries ago, the great classics described the problem of selfishness. Eugene Onegin is the main character of the novel of the same name written by A.S. Pushkin, is a prominent representative of people with "Russian blues". He is not interested in the opinions of others, he misses everything that happens around. Because of his cowardice and irresponsibility, the poet Lensky dies, and his insensitivity offends the feelings of a young noblewoman. Of course, he is not hopeless; at the end of the novel, Eugene realizes his love for Tatyana. However, it's already too late. And the girl rejects him, remaining faithful to her husband. As a result, he dooms himself to suffering until the end of his days. Even his desire to become lovers of the married and respected by all Tatyana betrays his selfish motives, which he cannot get rid of even in love.
2. Selfishness is like a kind of disease, it destroys a person from the inside and does not allow him to adequately interact with the people around him. Grigory Pechorin, who is the central character in novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time", constantly pushes away people dear to the heart. Pechorin easily understands human nature, and this skill plays a cruel joke on him. Thinking himself higher and smarter than others, Gregory thereby fences himself off from society. The hero often plays with people, provokes them to different actions. One of these cases ends with the death of his friend, the other with the tragic death of his girlfriend. A man understands this, regrets it, but he cannot throw off the shackles of the disease.

Self-abasement of an egoist

1. A prime example of a selfish person is a hero novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment", Rodion Raskolnikov. He, like many of his acquaintances, lives in poverty and blames others for everything. At one point, he decides to kill an old woman who is a pawnbroker in order to take away her money and distribute it to poor townspeople, freeing them from debt obligations in relation to Alena Ivanovna. The hero does not think about the immorality of his deeds. On the contrary, he is sure that it is for a good purpose. But in fact, only for the sake of his whim, he wants to test himself and check to what type of people he can attribute himself: to “trembling creatures” or to “having the right”. Still, having violated one of the commandments because of selfish desire, the hero dooms himself to loneliness and mental anguish. Pride blinds him, and only Sonya Marmeladova helps Raskolnikov to take the right path again. Without her help, he would surely have gone mad with pangs of conscience.
2. Despite the fact that sometimes a person crosses all moral and legal boundaries in order to achieve his selfish goals, we tend to experience pangs of conscience. So is one of the heroes of the poem A.N. Nekrasov "Who should live well in Rus'" realized his wrong. Peasant Yermil Girin uses his position as headman to free his brother from recruiting duty. Instead, he writes down another villager. Realizing that he ruined the life of a man and his family, he regrets his selfish act. His sense of guilt is so great that he is even ready to commit suicide. However, he repents to the people in time and accepts his sin, trying to make amends.

Female selfishness

1. Selfish people are never satisfied with what they have. They always want to have something more. Material wealth for them is a way of self-affirmation. The heroine of a fairy tale A.S. Pushkin "About the fisherman and the fish" dissatisfied with their life in poverty. When her husband catches a "goldfish", the woman only needs a new trough. However, each time she wants more, and in the end, the old woman wants to become a mistress of the sea. Easy prey and selfish morals overshadow the mind of the old woman, because of which, in the end, she loses everything and again finds herself at a broken trough. Magical power punishes her for the fact that the lady, in pursuit of satisfaction of pride, did not at all appreciate either her husband or the benefits that she got.
2. Women are often called selfish as they like to spend a lot of time looking after themselves. However, real selfishness is much worse. Heroine epic novel by L.N.. Tolstoy "War and Peace" Helen Kuragina proves to the reader that true egoists are characterized by heartlessness. The princess was a beautiful girl and had many admirers, however, she chooses an ugly and awkward gentleman, Pierre Bezukhov, as her husband. However, she does this not out of love. She needs his money. Literally immediately after the wedding, she gets a lover. Over time, her arrogance reaches incredible proportions. Helen, with the onset of the war, when you need to worry about the fate of your homeland, thinks only about how to get rid of her husband and remarry one of her admirers.

Ruthlessness of selfishness

1. Lack of sympathy, pity, compassion - these are the features that are characteristic of egoists. No wonder they say that such people are ready for the most terrible deeds for the sake of their whim. For example, in I. Turgenev's story "Mumu" the lady takes away from her servant the only joy in his life. One day Gerasim picks up a homeless puppy, raises it, takes care of it. However, the puppy annoyed the lady, and she ordered the hero to drown him. With bitterness in his heart, Gerasim carries out the order. Just because of a simple whim of a selfish person, he loses his only friend and ruins the life of an animal.
2. In obedience to selfishness, people lose control over themselves and make irreparable mistakes. For example, Hermann in the work of A. S. Pushkin "The Queen of Spades" learns about the secret of three cards, which guarantees winning in any card game. The young man decides to get him at any cost, and for this he pretends to be in love with the pupil of the only secret keeper - an elderly countess. Making his way into the house, he threatens the old woman with murder, and she really dies. After that, she comes to Hermann in a dream and gives out a secret in exchange for an oath to marry her pupil. The hero does not keep his promises and wins victory after victory. But having put everything on the line, he loses the decisive game with a bang. The ambitious young man went crazy, paying for his atrocities. But before that, he poisoned the life of an innocent girl who believed his words.

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1. (40 words) One of the basic values ​​of any person is time, and you need to use it wisely. This is taught by "The Tale of Lost Time" by E. Schwartz. The protagonist learned from his own experience that idlers will not notice how they grow old - and then it will be too late to achieve something.
2. (54 words) The hero of a famous myth, King Midas, rendered a service to the god Dionysus, and he promised the king any gift as a reward. Midas asked that everything turn to gold at his touch. Greed almost killed him, because food and wine also turned into gold. This is a vivid example of the fact that the choice of certain life values ​​determines our destiny.
3. (39 words) Animals, like people, have their own values ​​in life. Let us recall the dog Kashtanka from Chekhov's story of the same name: she remained faithful to her former owners, although the new one treated her much better. Not every being is capable of such devotion to its own detriment.
4. (55 words) It is very easy to find out what is most important for a person - just ask. So did the music teacher from the story of V. Dragunsky "What the Bear loves." One of the boys in response listed a lot - "the whole world", and the second - only his favorite food. It is understandable why the teacher was dissatisfied with his words: an exceptional commitment to the material is especially terrible if the hero is a child.
5. (54 words) The story of I.S. Turgenev's "Khor and Kalinich" is an example of the difference in the life orientations of people belonging to the same class. Khor and Kalinich are both peasants, but for the first the main thing is a strong life, and the second "hovers in the clouds", but he is a sincere person, close to nature and art. What's better? According to the author, the characters complement each other, personify the two sides of life.
6. (43 words) Some values ​​are called "eternal" - they are common to most people and do not change for centuries. For example, friendship. The Fox, the hero of Exupery's The Little Prince, speaks beautifully about her. Thanks to friendship, he explains, a person is saved from boredom and loneliness, feels needed and can know true happiness.
7. (55 words) Gleb Kapustin, the hero of the story by V.M. Shukshina “Cut off”, saw his life value in “bringing down arrogance” from noble people who came to visit their native village. He publicly caught them in ignorance of some scientific fact and rejoiced at their embarrassment. It is not surprising that no one loved Gleb - the one who is pleased to humiliate others will sooner or later be left alone.
8. (50 words) Life values ​​easily betray someone as an egoist. For example, the Pig from the fable of I.A. Krylova "Pig under the Oak" undermined the roots of the Oak in search of acorns, not at all caring that the tree could dry out from this. Unfortunately, sometimes people do not think about how their actions can affect others.
9. (45 words) Home is dear to every person. Its walls are salvation from all life's adversities. This is allegorically shown in the poem by Ya.P. Polonsky's "The Road": the lyrical hero is on the road and envies the coachman, who "will find peace, hello and dinner ... under his roof" and will be happy, even though he lives in a poor shack.
10. (54 words) It is sad when the importance of something is directly related to the material value of this thing or even a living being. For example, in the story of A.P. Chekhov's "Chameleon" dog bit the drunk Khryukin when he poked a cigar at her. The policeman first orders to exterminate the dog, but after learning that its owner is the general's brother, he blames Khryukin himself for what happened, and already affectionately addresses the dog.

Examples from life, cinema, media

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Does a man who loves only himself have a conscience? How does this love manifest itself in his actions? These and other questions are asked by the Russian Soviet writer E.A. Permyak.

This text raises the problem of selfishness and pride. In it, three brothers received happy hours, thereby gaining the opportunity to manage their time, which could only be obtained by helping and giving attention to others. However, they did not do this and continued to live for their own pleasure, subsequently completely losing the time granted to them. "And what can he say if he also has no conscience left to start happy hours with it?" This issue is current. In our time, selfishness has become widespread. People stopped seeing the world around us, they often began to think only about themselves, their work is aimed only at transforming and improving their own lives. "It is not in vain that one wise man said: "A man is known in labor."

All his work, all his deeds and thoughts are aimed at shaping his own better future.

This problem occurs in a large number of fiction. So, for example, in the work of N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls" you can see a large number of selfish landowners. One of them is the main character, the landowner Chichikov. From early childhood, he was taught that he had to live richly. This gave rise to feelings of self-love in him. Chichikov, despite the great big problems of society, the poverty and hunger of the peasants, continued to increase his own financial condition. Other landowners did the same. They all worked only for the benefit of their own lives.

If we turn to the work of B. Vasilyev "My horses are flying", then you can see an absolutely opposite picture. Dr. Jansen was a sincere and sympathetic person. He was always in a hurry to visit his sick patients, but he was never in a hurry to leave them. Jansen wholeheartedly wanted to help everyone. This was shown by his last act. When the little boys fell into the sewer well, Jansen, not thinking about the consequences for himself, rushed to their aid, he understood that he himself was about to die, but this did not stop him. Soon the boys were saved, but Dr. Jansen gave his life for this.

Behind egoism there is no present, and hence no future. Such love does not carry anything of value, rather, on the contrary, it has a great negative impact on the world as a whole.

Updated: 2018-05-17

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